Figure 5. Cost estimates (log₁₀ scale) according to the type of damage or management expenditures between mainland (in green) and island (in orange) areas. Pre-invasion management: monetary investments for preventing successful invasions.

Pre-invasion management: monetary investments for preventing successful invasions in an area (including quarantine or border inspection, risk analyses, biosecurity management, etc.); post-invasion management: money spent for managing invasions in invaded areas (including control, eradication, containment); knowledge funding: money allocated to all actions and operations that could be of interest at all steps of management at pre- and post-invasion stages (including administration, communication, education, research); or mixed: costs that included at least (and without possibility to disentangle the specific proportion of) two of the previous categories; management/damage: costs that included both cost types. Total cumulative costs are expressed in 2017 US$ (log₁₀ scale).