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. 2023 Mar 27;17:42. doi: 10.1186/s13034-023-00588-w

Table 1.

Participant characteristics

ADHD (n = 3470)
Characteristics Value1
 Age (M, SD) 11.97 (3.48)
Sex (n, %)
 Male 2376 (69.55)
 Female 1094 (30.45)
Ethnicity (n, %)
 White 2839 (69.18)
 Black or African American 250 (17.29)
 American Indian/Alaska native 26 (0.59)
 Asian 55 (1.07)
 Native Hawaiian & other pacific islander 13 (0.86)
 Two or more ethnic groups 287 (11.01)
Born 3 weeks or more before due dates (n, %)
 Yes 511 (14.47)
 No 2959 (85.53)
Overweight status (n, %)
 Yes 469 (14.95)
 No 3001 (85.05)
ADHD severity (n, %)
 Mild 1527 (43.20)
 Moderate 1566 (42.29)
 Severe 377 (14.52)
ADHD related medication or treatment (n, %)
 Behavioural treatment only 493 (14.39)
 Medication only 1008 (26.18)
 Behavioural treatment and medication 1047 (33.15)
 Neither 905 (26.27)
Household poverty level (n, %)
  ≤ 0–99% federal poverty level 457 (18.67)
  ≥ 100% federal poverty level 3013 (81.33)
Highest education level among reported adults (n, %)
 Less than high school 86 (7.02)
 High school 540 (23.74)
 Some college or associated degree 879 (24.06)
 College degree or higher 1965 (45.18)
Adherence to the 24-h movement guidelines (n, %)
 None 841 (27.56)
 Screen time 314 (10.87)
 Sleep 1118 (26.87)
 Physical activity 124 (4.93)
 Screen time + Sleep 574 (14.69)
 Screen time + Physical activity 116 (4.00)
 Sleep + Physical activity 182 (5.40)
 All 201 (5.68)
Serious difficulty concentrating, remembering, or making decisions (n, %)
 Yes 1858 (55.57)
 No 1612 (44.43)
Difficulty making or keeping friends (n, %)
 No difficulty 1545 (45.96)
 A little difficulty 1322 (36.54)
 A lot of difficulty 603 (17.49)
Bully others (n, %)
 Never 2374 (69.21)
 1 to 2 times in the past 1 year 762 (19.73)
 1 to 2 times per month 198 (5.16)
 1 to 2 times per week 78 (2.73)
 Almost every day 58 (3.17)
Being bullied (n, %)
 Never 1363 (40.85)
 1 to 2 times in the past 1 year 1190 (33.67)
 1 to 2 times per month 452 (11.15)
 1 to 2 times per week 270 (7.40)
 Almost every day 195 (6.93)

Values are mean (SD) or n (%). N represents unweighted sample counts and % is weighted to the US population