1. Vested interest of included studies.
| Study | Vested interest | Support for judgement |
| Abikoff 2009 | High | Funding: investigator‐initiated trial funded by a grant from Ortho‐McNeil Janssen Scientific Affairs to Dr Abikoffx Conflicts of interest: Drs Abikoff and Gallagher have a contract with Multi‐Health Systems to further develop the Children’s Organizational Skills Scale (COSS) used in this trial. Dr Abikoff has served on the ADHD Advisory Board of Shire Pharmaceuticals and of Novartis Pharmaceuticals. Dr Boorady has served on the ADHD Advisory Board and Speakers’ Bureau of Shire Pharmaceuticals. Other trial authors report no conflicts of interest |
| Ahmann 1993 | Low | Funding: trial was funded by Marshfield Clinic grants Conflict of interest: not declared |
| Arnold 2004 | High | Funding: trial was supported by the Celgene Corporation Conflicts of interest: Drs Arnold, Wigal and Bohan received research Funding from Celgene for the trial reported. Dr Wigal and Dr West are on the Advisory Panel and Speakers' Bureau for Novartis. Dr Arnold and Dr Bohan are on the Speakers' Bureau for Novartis. Dr Zeldis is Chief Medical Officer and Vice President of Medical Affairs at the Celgene Corporation. |
| Barkley 1989b | Low | Funding: trial was internally funded by the medical school Conflict of interest: not declared |
| Barkley 1991 | Low | Funding: research was supported by the National Institute of Mental Health (NIMH) Conflicts of interest: not declared |
| Barkley 2000 | Low | Funding: University of Massachusetts Medical School Conflict of interest: not declared |
| Barragán 2017 | High | Funding: trial was funded by Vifor Pharma Conflict of interest: trial authors affiliated with the medical industry |
| Bedard 2008 | Low | Funding: funding and operating grant from the Canadian Institute of Health Research and Funding from the Canada Research Chairs Programme Conflicts of interest: none |
| Bhat 2020 | High | Funding: this work was supported in part by a grant from the Fond de Recherche du Québec and the Canadian Institutes of Health Research. Weam Fageera is a recipient of a PhD scholarship from the Ministry of Education of Saudi Arabia. Conflicts of interest: authors affiliated with medical industry |
| Biederman 2003b | High | Funding: received from Novartis Conflict of interest: not declared |
| Bliznakova 2007 | Unclear | Funding: not declared Conflict of interest: not declared |
| Blum 2011 | High | Funding: trial was supported by an investigator‐initiated grant from Ortho McNeil Janssen Scientific Affairs, the manufacturer of OROS methylphenidate (Concerta) Conflict of interest: not declared |
| Borcherding 1990 | Unclear | Funding: not declared Conflicts of interest: not declared |
| Brams 2008 | High | Funding: sponsored by Novartis Pharmaceuticals Corporation Conflicts of interest: first trial author has been a speaker, consultant and advisory board member for Novartis and Shire |
| Brams 2012 | High | Funding: Novartis Pharmaceuticals Corporation, with the following involvement reported: design and conduct of the trial; collection, management, analysis and interpretation of data; and preparation, review and approval of the manuscript. All trial authors are employees or consultants or have received research grants from pharmaceutical companies. Conflicts of interest: all trial authors are employees or consultants or have received research grants from pharmaceutical companies. |
| Brown 1984a | Unclear | Funding: funded by National institute of Mental Health and National institutes of Health. Placebo and methylphenidate were supplied by CIBA‐GEIGY Corporation, Summit, New Jersey Conflicts of interest: not declared |
| Brown 1985 | Unclear | Funding: research supported by US Public Health Services Grant from the National Institute of Mental Health (NIMH), and by the Biomedical Research Award from the National Institutes of Health (NIH). Methylphenidate provided by CIBA‐GEIGY Corporation, Summit, New Jersey Conflicts of interest: not declared |
| Brown 1988 | Low | Funding: Biomedical Research Support Grant Program, Division of Research Resources, National Institutes of Health and Emory University Research Conflicts of interest: not declared |
| Brown 1991 | Unclear | Funding: Biomedical Research Support Grant Program, Division of Research Resources, National Institutes of Health, and by the Emory University Research Fund Conflicts of interest: not declared |
| Buitelaar 1995 | Unclear | Funding: not declared Conflicts of interest: no affiliations with pharmaceutical companies were declared |
| Bukstein 1998 | Unclear | Funding: no Funding declared Conflicts of interest: not declared |
| Butter 1983 | Low | Funding: the Scientific Development Group, Organon International BV, Oss, the Netherlands Conflicts of interest: none |
| Carlson 1995 | Unclear | Funding: not declared Conflict of interest: not declared |
| Carlson 2007 | High | Funding: research was funded by Eli Lilly and Company, Indianapolis, Indiana Conflicts of interest: Dr Carlson has received research support or has consulted with the following companies: Abbott Laboratories, Cephalon, Eli Lilly and Company, Janssen, McNeil, Otsuka and Shire Pharmaceuticals. Dr Dunn has received research support or has served on Speakers' Bureaus of the following companies: AstraZeneca, Eli Lilly and Company, National Institues of Health, Otsuka and Pfizer Pharmaceuticals. Drs Kelsey, Ruff, Ball and Allen and Ms Ahrbecker are employees and/or shareholders of Eli Lilly and Company. |
| Castellanos 1997 | Unclear | Funding: unclear Conflicts of interest: not declared |
| Chacko 2005 | High | Funding: during the conduct of this research, Dr Pelham was supported by grants from the National Institute of Mental Health (NIMH) (MH48157, MH47390, MH45576, MH50467, MH53554, MH62946), NIAAA (AA06267, AA11873), National Institute on Drug Abuse (NIDA) (DA05605, DA12414), National Institute of Neurological Disorders and Stroke (NINDS) (NS39087), National Institute for Environmental Studies (NIES) (ES05015) and National Institute of Child Health and Human Development (NICHHD) (HD42080) Conflicts of interest: several trial authors have affiliations with medical companies |
| Childress 2009 | High | Funding: Novartis Pharmaceuticals Corporation. Novartis Pharma has been helping with development of the manuscript. Conflicts of interest: several trial authors have received research support from, are speakers for, are consultants of, are on the Advisory Board, have served on the Speakers' Bureaus of or are employees of several pharmaceutical companies |
| Childress 2017 | High | Funding: this trial was supported by funds from Neos Therapeutics, Inc, PI. Conflicts of interest: Carolyn R Sikes is affiliated with Neos Therapeutics, Inc. |
| Childress 2020a | High | Funding: trial was funded by Purdue Pharma Conflict of interest: trial authors affiliated with medical industry |
| Childress 2020b | High | Funding: trial funded by Ironshore Pharmaceuticals Conflict of interest: trial authors affiliated with the medical industry |
| Childress 2020c | High | Funding: trial funded by Rhodes Pharmaceuticals LP. Conflict of interest: authors affiliated with medical industry |
| Chronis 2003 | High | Funding: supported by a grant from Shire‐Richwood Pharmaceuticals, Incorporated ‐ manufacturer of Adderall ‐ and from the National Institute of Mental Health (NIMH) Conflict of interest: not declared |
| Coghill 2007 | High | Funding: this work was supported by a local trust through a Tenovus Scotland initiative. Conflicts of interest: some trial authors have affiliations with different pharmaceutical companies |
| Coghill 2013 | High | Funding: Shire Development LLC Conflicts of interest: C Anderson, R Civil, N Higgins, A Lyne and L Squires are employees of Shire and own stock/stock options. Some trial authors have received compensation for serving as consultants or speakers, or they or the institutions they work for have received research support or royalties from different companies or organisations. |
| Connor 2000 | Low | Funding: supported by a UMMS (University of Massachusetts Medical School) Small Grants Project Award Conflicts of interest: not declared |
| Cook 1993 | Low | Funding: supported by the Medical Center Rehabilitation Hospital Foundation and the School of Medicine, University North Dakota; the Veterans Hospital; the Dakota Clinic; and The Neuropsychiatric Institute, Fargo, North Dakota Conflicts of interest: not declared |
| Corkum 2008 | Low | Funding: research was supported by a grant from the Izaak Walton Killam IWK Health Centre in Halifax, Nova Scotia Conflicts of interest: "none declared" |
| Corkum 2020 | Low | Funding: the Canadian Institutes of Health Research Conflicts of interest: there were no conflicts of interest of any trial investigator with the pharmaceutical or equipment manufacturers. |
| Cox 2006 | High | Funding: trial was supported by Funding from McNeil Pediatrics, a division of McNeil‐PPC Incorporated Conflicts of interest: none declared |
| CRIT124US02 | High | Funding: trial by Novartis Conflicts of interest: no information on investigators |
| Döpfner 2004 | High | Funding: trial was conducted and sponsored by MEDICE Arzneimittel Pütter GmbH & Co. KG as part of the drug approval process for Medikinet‐Retard Conflicts of interest: some trial authors have affiliations with medical companies |
| Douglas 1986 | Low | Funding: research was supported by Grant Number MA 6913, from the Medical Research Council of Canada Conflicts of interest: not declared |
| Douglas 1995 | Low | Funding: grants from the Medical Research Council of Canada and by William T Grant Foundation Faculty Scholar Program Conflicts of interest: none |
| DuPaul 1996 | Unclear | Funding: unclear Conflict of interest: no conflicts of interest declared |
| Duric 2012 | Low | Funding: the Child and Adolescent Psychiatry Department of Helse Fonna Hospital Haugesund, Helse Fonna Trust Haugesund, Norway Conflicts of interest: trial authors declare no potential conflicts of interests with regard to authorship or publication of this article. |
| Epstein 2011 | Low | Funding: National Institutes of Health (NIH) and National Institute of Mental Health (NIMH) Conflicts of interest: no evidence of conflicts of interest |
| Fabiano 2007 | Low | Funding: National Institute of Mental Health (NIMH) grant MH62946 Conflicts of interest: supported only by National Institutes |
| Findling 2006 | High | Funding: provided by Celltech Americas Incorporated, currently part of UCB (Union Chimique Belge) Conflicts of interest: Drs Hatch and DeCory and Miss Cameron were employees of Celltech at the time of this trial. Dr Findling received research support, acted as a consultant and/or served on a Speakers' Bureau for Abbott, AstraZeneca, Bristol‐Myers Squibb, Celltech‐Medeva, Forest, GlaxoSmithKline, Johnson & Johnson, Lilly, New River, Novartis, Otsuka, Pfizer, Sanofi‐Synthelabo, Shire, Solvay and Wyeth. Dr Quinn claims no competitive interests. Dr McDowell has consulted for Janssen‐Cilag and Lilly. |
| Findling 2007 | High | Funding: the Stanley Medical Research Institute Conflicts of interest: some trial authors have affiliations with pharmaceutical companies |
| Findling 2008 | High | Funding: Shire Development Incorporated, Wayne, Pennsylvania Conflicts of interest: some trial authors received research support, acted as consultants and/or served on a Speakers' Bureau for several pharmaceutical companies. |
| Findling 2010 | High | Funding: Shire Development Incorporated, which was involved in trial design, conduct and data analysis. The open‐label trial was industry‐sponsored. Conflicts of interest: Dr Findling has acted as consultant to, has served on Speakers' Bureaus of and/or has received research support from Abbott, Addrenex, AstraZeneca, Biovail, Bristol‐Myers Squibb, Eli Lilly, Forest Pharmaceuticals, GlaxoSmithKline, KemPharm, Johnson & Johnson, Lundbeck, Neuropharm, Novartis, Noven, Organon, Otsuka, Pfizer, Sanofi‐Aventis, Sepracor, Shire, Solvay, Supernus, Validus and Wyeth. Dr. Turnbow receives or has received research support, acted as a consultant and/or served on Speakers' Bureaus for Eli Lilly, Novartis US, Sanofi‐Aventis, Shire and UCB (Union Chimique Belge). Dr Burnside has acted as consultant to, has served on Speakers’ Bureaus of and/or has received research support from Eli Lilly, Johnson & Johnson, Shire and Wyeth. Dr Melmed has acted as consultant to, has served on Speakers' Bureaus of and/or has received research support from Bristol‐Myers, Eli Lilly, McNeil, Novartis and Shire. Drs Civil and Li are full‐time employees of Shire Development Incorporated. |
| Fine 1993 | High | Funding: CIBA‐GEIGY Canada Conflicts of interest: not declared |
| Firestone 1981 | Low | Funding: Ministry of Health Conflicts of interest: not stated |
| Fitzpatrick 1992a | Low | Funding: National Institute of Mental Health (NIMH) grant MH38118 Conflicts of interest: not declared |
| Flapper 2008 | Low | Funding: none (no funding was available). This double‐blind placebo‐controlled (DBPC) trial of methylphenidate was performed as a clinical treatment program as best clinical practice to determine the effects of methylphenidate and optimal dose compared with placebo. Conflicts of interest: no affiliations with pharmaceutical companies or similar declared. |
| NCT02039908 | Low | Funding: Florida International University Conflicts of interest: nothing declared for trial investigators |
| Forness 1992 | Low | Funding: National Institute of Mental Health (NIMH) grant MH38686 Conflicts of interest: no affiliations described |
| Froehlich 2011 | High | Funding: National Institute of Mental Health (NIMH) and Cincinnati Children’s Hospital Center for Education and Research Therapeutics Award Conflicts of interest: Dr Epstein receives Funding from Eli Lilly and Co. Dr Stein has received research support from Eli Lilly and Co., McNeil Pharmaceuticals, Novartis and Shire. He has served on a Speakers' Bureau for Novartis and has served as consultant to Novartis, Shire and Shinogi Pharmaceuticals. |
| Froehlich 2018 | High | Funding: data collection for the project was supported by the National Institute of Mental Health (Bethesda, MD) by R01MH074770 [Epstein] and K23MH083881 [Froehlich], while investigators’ time on the project was funded by National Institute of Mental Health K24MH064478 [Epstein], K23MH083027 [Brinkman], and R01MH070564 [Stein]). Conflicts of interest: trial authors are affiliated with the medical industry |
| Gadow 1990 | Unclear | Funding: Ciba Pharmaceutical Company supplied methylphenidate placebo Conflicts of interest: not declared |
| Gadow 1995 | Low | Funding: research grants from the Tourette Syndrome Association and the National Institute of Mental Health (NIMH) Conflicts of interest: not declared |
| Gadow 2007 | Low | Funding: this trial was supported in part by a research grant from the Tourette Syndrome Association Incorporated, and by Public Health Service (PHS) grant number MH45358 from the National Institute of Mental Health (NIMH). Conflicts of interest: trial authors have no financial relationships to disclose. |
| Gadow 2011 | Unclear | Funding: National Institute of Mental Health (NIMH) and the Tourette Syndrome Association Incorporated. CIBA Pharmaceutical Company supplied methylphenidate placebos. Novartis supplied immediate‐release methylphenidate. Conflicts of interest: "Kenneth D. Gadow is a shareholder in Checkmate Plus, publisher of the Child Symptom Inventory‐4" |
| Garfinkel 1983 | Low | Funding: Ontario Mental Health Foundation Conflicts of interest: none |
| Gonzalez‐Heydrich 2010 | High | Funding: supported by National Institute of Mental Health (NIMH) Grant, Number K23 MH066835 Conflicts of interest: 4 trial authors are involved in the pharmaceutical sector. |
| Gorman 2006 | Low | Funding: National Institute of Mental Health (NIMH) Conflicts of interest: trial authors have no financial relationships to declare |
| Green 2011 | Low | Funding: the Basil O’Connor Starter Scholar Research Award of the March of Dimes, NARSAD (National Alliance for Research in Schizophrenia and Affective Disorders) Young Investigator Award, the Marguerite Stolz Award from the Sackler Faculty of Medicine and the National Institute on Drug Abuse (NIDA) Conflicts of interest: trial authors have had no institutional or corporate/commercial relationships for the past 36 months that might pose a conflict of interest. |
| Greenhill 2002 | High | Funding: Celltech Pharmaceuticals Incorporated Conflicts of interest: Dr Greenhill is a consultant for Celltech‐Medeva and a member of its medical advisory board. Drs Findling and Swanson are consultants for Celltech‐Medeva. |
| Greenhill 2006 | High | Funding: Novartis Conflicts of interest: 2 trial authors are employed by Novartis. Only Roberta R Ball has no conflicts of interest. |
| Gruber 2007 | Low | Funding: this was not an industry‐supported trial. Conflicts of interest: trial authors have indicated no financial conflicts of interest. |
| Hale 2011 | Low | Funding: research part funded by the Neuropsychiatric Research Institute, Fargo, North Dakota, USA Conflicts of interest: trial authors disclose no conflicts of interest |
| Hawk 2018 | Low | Funding: supported by grants from the National Institute of Mental Health (NIMH) and from the National Institute on Drug Abuse (NIDA) Conflicts of interest: no conflicts declared |
| Heriot 2008 | Low | Funding: no funding to conduct the trial was received from any party. Conflicts of interest: none of the trial authors are affiliated with pharmaceutical companies. |
| Hicks 1985 | Low | Funding: National Institutes of Health (NIH) Conflicts of interest: not declared |
| Hoeppner 1997 | Unclear | Funding: not declared Conflicts of interest: not declared |
| Horn 1991 | Unclear | Funding: not declared Conflicts of interest: not declared |
| Huang 2021 | High | Funding: this work is supported by Orient Pharma Co, Ltd. Conflicts of interest: authors affiliated with medical industry |
| Ialongo 1994 | Unclear | Funding: not declared Conflicts of interest: not declared |
| Jacobi‐Polishook 2009 | Unclear | Funding: not declared Conflicts of interest: not declared |
| Jensen 1999 (MTA) | High | Funding: this trial was supported by several grants from the National Institute of Mental Health, Bethesda, Maryland. Conflicts of interest: several trial authors have affiliations with medical companies. |
| Johnston 1988 | Unclear | Funding: not declared. During the writing of this report, C Johnston was supported by a Doctoral Fellowship from the Social Sciences and Humanities Research Council of Canada. Conflicts of interest: not declared |
| Kaplan 1990 | Unclear | Funding: not declared Conflicts of interest: not declared |
| Kelly 1989 | Unclear | Funding: CIBA Geigy Pharmaceuticals provided placebos Conflicts of interest: not declared |
| Kent 1995 | Low | Funding: this work was supported by the John and Maxine Bendheim Fellowship and by the Leon Lowenstein Foundation. Conflicts of interest: not declared |
| Kent 1999 | High | Funding: Ms Kent was a summer medical student supported in part by the IWK Grace Research Foundation, Halifax, NovaScotia, and by the Pharmaceutical Manufacturers Association of Canada Studentship, Ottawa, Ontario Conflicts of interest: trial authors sponsored by Pharmaceutical Manufacturers’ Association of Canada Studentship |
| Klorman 1990 | Low | Funding: National Institute of Mental Health (NIMH) grant MH38118 Conflicts of interest: no corporate affiliations declared |
| Kolko 1999 | Unclear | Funding: not declared Conflicts of interest: not declared |
| Kollins 2006 (PATS) | High | Funding:
Conflicts of interest:
|
| Kollins 2021 | High | Funding: clinical research was funded by KemPharm, Inc. Funding for editorial and writing assistance in the form of proofreading, copyediting, and fact‐checking was provided by Corium, Inc. Conflicts of interest: authors affiliated with medical industry |
| Konrad 2004 | Low | Funding: the German Society for the Advancement of Scientific Research (DFG grant KFO112) Conflicts of interest: none declared |
| Konrad 2005 | Low | Funding: provided through a grant from the German Research Foundation (DFG grant: KFO112–TP5) Conflicts of interest: none declared |
| Kortekaas‐Rijlaarsdam 2017 | High | Funding: unclear, but Shire was a collaborator Conflicts of interest: the second trial author has some affiliation to the medical industry. |
| Kritchman 2019 | Low | Funding: Shalvata Mental Health Center Conflicts of interest: “The authors declare that the research was conducted in the absence of any commercial or financial relationships that could be construed as a potential conflict of interest.” |
| Leddy 2009 | High | Funding: not declared Conflicts of interest: Dr Waxmonsky has served on the Speakers' Board for Novartis, received an honorarium from Shire and received research support from Shire and Eli Lilly. Dr Erbe has received educational and research support from Genzyme Corporation. Dr Pelham was paid an honorarium by Shire Pharmaceuticals. |
| Lehmkuhl 2002 | High | Funding: Medice Arzneimittel Pütter GmbH & Co. KG, Kuhloweg 37, D‐58638 Iserlohn Conflicts of interest: Dr Doepfner is a consultant for Lilly, Medice, Novartis and Union Chimique Belge; serves on the Advisory Boards of Lilly, Medice, Shire, Novartis and Union Chimique Belge; participates as a member of the Speakers' Bureaus of Lilly, Medice, Janssen‐Cilag and Union Chimique Belge; and has research contracts with Lilly, Medice, Novartis, Union Chimique Belge, the German Research Foundation and the Federal Ministry of Health. Dr Lehmkuhl is on the Advisory Boards of Lilly and Medice. Dr Sinzig has no financial relationships to disclose. |
| Lijffijt 2006 | Unclear | Funding: not declared Conflicts of interest: none declared |
| Lin 2014 | High | Funding: Ely Lilly Conflicts of interest: 5 authors work for Lilly. |
| Lopez 2003 | High | Funding: Novartis Conflicts of interest: Dr Silva is a consultant and a member of the Speakers' Bureau for Novartis. Dr Lopez is a consultant for Eli Lilly, Novartis and Shire. He is also a member of the Speakers' Bureaus for Novartis and Shire. |
| Lufi 1997 | Unclear | Funding: not declared Conflits of interest: not declared |
| Lufi 2007 | Unclear | Funding: not declared Conflicts of interest: not declared |
| Manos 1999 | High | Funding: in part by from Shire Pharmaceutical Development Incorporated to Dr Faraone Conflicts of interest: trial authors acknowledge partial support to the second author from the National Institute on Drug Abuse (NIDA) (grants R01‐DA07957 and MCJ‐390592) and from the Maternal and Child Health Program, Health Resources and Service Administration, Department of Health and Human Services (grant 390715), and to the third author from the Stanley Foundation. |
| Martins 2004 | Unclear | Funding: methylphenidate and placebo pills were supplied by Novartis Pharmaceuticals (São Paulo, Brazil) at no cost and without restrictions. No additional funding was requested or received from Novartis or any other commercial entity. Conflicts of interest: trial authors have reported no conflicts of interest |
| Matthijssen 2019 | Low | Funding: The Netherlands Organization for Health Research and development (ZonMw, grant 836011014) Conflicts of interest: not declared |
| McBride 1988a | Unclear | Funding: not declared Conflicts of interest: not declared |
| McCracken 2016 | High | Funding: National Institute of Mental Health (NIMH) Research Center grant P50MH077248, “Translational Research to Enhance Cognitive Control” Conflicts of interest: trial authors affiliated with the medical industry |
| McGough 2006 | High | Funding: Shire US Inc Conflicts of interest: 2 medical writers acknowledged (Amy M Horton & Michelle Roberts) but were unclear about where they came from or what their role was in the publication. |
| McInnes 2007 | High | Funding: the Psychiatric Endowment Fund Conflicts of interest: trial authors had received Funding from Eli Lilly, Shire Pharmaceuticals, Janssen‐Ortho and McNeil Pharmaceuticals |
| Merrill 2021 | Unclear | Funding: not stated Conflicts of interest: trial authors declare that they have no conflict of interest |
| Moshe 2012 | Low | Funding: none Conflicts of interest: none declared |
| Muniz 2008 | High | Funding: "This study was funded by Novartis Pharmaceuticals Corporation and reports the following involvement: design and conduct of the study; collection, management, analysis, and interpretation of data; preparation, review, and approval of the manuscript" Conflicts of interest: Dr Muniz is an employee of Novartis Pharmaceuticals Corporation. He has no other relationships to disclose. Dr Brams reports the following relationships: serves as speaker, consultant and Advisory Board member for Novartis and Shire; receives grant research support from Novartis, Shire and Eli Lilly. Dr Mao reports the following relationships: speaker for Novartis, Eli Lilly, Bristol‐Myers Squibb, AstraZeneca and Shire; consultant for Eli Lilly, Novartis and Shire; receives grant research support from Novartis. Mr McCague is an employee of Novartis Pharmaceuticals Corporation. He has no other relationships to disclose. Ms Pestreich is an employee of Novartis Pharmaceuticals Corporation. She has no other relationships to disclose. Dr Silva reports the following relationships: none since 15 December 2006; before that, she was a speaker for Novartis, AstraZeneca and Janssen; received grant/research support from Novartis and Celgene. |
| Murray 2011 | High | Funding: Ortho‐McNeil Janssen Scientific Affairs, LLC Conflicts of interest: several trial authors had affiliations with pharmaceutical companies producing methylphenidate |
| Musten 1997 | Low | Funding: Health Canada grant Conflicts of interest: none declared |
| NCT00409708 | High | Funding: Novartis Conflicts of interest: no information on investigators |
| NCT02293655 | Unclear | Funding: Children's Hospital Medical Center, Cincinnati Conflicts of interest: not stated |
| NCT02536105 | High | Funding: Massachusetts General Hospital Conflicts of interest: trial investigators affiliated with the medical industry |
| Newcorn 2008 | High | Funding: Eli Lilly and Company Conflicts of interest: Dr Newcorn receives grant support from Eli Lilly and McNeil; is a consultant and/or advisor for Eli Lilly, McNeil, Shire, Novartis and Sanofi‐Aventis; and is a member of Speakers' Bureaus for Eli Lilly and Novartis. Dr Kratochvil receives grant support from Abbott, Cephalon, Eli Lilly, McNeil, Pfizer, Shire and Somerset; receives from Eli Lilly trial medication for an NIMH (National Institute of Mental Health)‐funded trial; is a consultant for Abbott, AstraZeneca, Eli Lilly and Pfizer; and is a member of the Eli Lilly Speakers' Bureau. Dr Casat receives research Funding from Eli Lilly, Novartis and Abbott, and serves on an advisory board for Eli Lilly. Dr Allen and Dr Ruff are employees and shareholders of Eli Lilly. Dr Michelson and Dr Moore are former employees of Eli Lilly. |
| Newcorn 2017a (flexible dose) | High | Funding: Shire Conflicts of interest: trial authors affiliated with pharmaceutical companies |
| Newcorn 2017b (forced dose) | High | Funding: Shire Conflicts of interest: trial authors heavily affiliated with pharmaceutical companies |
| Nikles 2006 | Low | Funding: the General Practice Evaluation Program, the Department of Health and Aged Care, Queensland Medical Laboratory, and the Royal Australian College of General Practitioners Conflicts of interest: trial authors have indicated that they have no financial relationships relevant to this article to disclose |
| Oesterheld 1998 | Low | Funding: University of South Dakota/USF‐Mini Grant Conflicts of interest: none declared |
| Overtoom 2003 | Low | Funding: Netherlands Organisation for Scientific Research (NWO) Grant 575‐63‐082 Conflicts of interest: not declared |
| Palumbo 2008 | High | Funding: NIH (National Institutes of Health) and NINDS (National Institute of Neurological Disorders and Stroke) Conflicts of interest: some trial authors are on the ADHD Advisory Board and the Speakers' Bureau of; are scientific consultants or principal or site investigators for; and/or have received educational or funding support from several pharmaceutical companies. |
| Pearson 2013 | Low | Funding: grant number MH072263 from National Institute of Mental Health (NIMH) Conflicts of interest: none declared |
| Pelham 1989 | Unclear | Funding: not declared Conflicts of interest: not declared |
| Pelham 1990a | Unclear | Funding: not declared Conflicts of interest: not declared |
| Pelham 1993a | Unclear | Funding: not declared Conflicts of interest: not declared |
| Pelham 1999 | High | Funding: grants from the Shire Richwood Pharmaceutical Company and National Institute of Mental Health (Grants MH53554, MH45576 and MH50467) Conflicts of interest: not declared |
| Pelham 2001a | High | Funding: ALZA Corporation, the manufacturers of Concerta Conflicts of interest: Dr Pelham is a member of the ALZA advisory committee on Concerta and its development. Drs Hoffman and Lock are members of the ALZA paediatric advisory board. |
| Pelham 2002 | High | Funding: NIMH (Grant MH48157) Conflicts of interest: Pelham served as an advisor for ALZA Corporation (see Pelham 2001a) |
| Pelham 2005 | High | Funding: Noven Pharmaceuticals. Furthermore, Dr Pelham was supported by grants from NIAAA, NIDA, NIMH and NINDS. Conflicts of interest: several trial authors have received consulting fees and research funding and have been consultants and/or served on the Speakers' Bureaus of several pharmaceutical companies in the past year. |
| Pelham 2011 | High | Funding: grant from Noven Pharmaceuticals Conflicts of interest: Dr Pelham has served as a consultant for Shire, McNeil, Noven, Celltech/Medeva, Novartis and Abbott Laboratories; has received honoraria from Shire and Janssen and research support from Shire, Alza, Eli Lilly, Noven and Cephalon; and holds common stock in Abbott Laboratories. Dr Waxmonsky has served on the Speakers' Bureau for Novartis and has received research support from Eli Lilly and Shire Incorporated. Dr Hoffman has served on the advisory board and Speakers’ Bureau for Shire Pharmaceuticals and on the Speakers' Bureau for McNeil. Dr Ballow has received research support from GlaxoSmithKline, Panacos, Boehringer Ingelheim, Pharmasset, Jacobus and Pharmena. Dr Schentag has served as a consultant for or received support from Noven, Wyeth, Daiichi, Targanta Therapeutics and Astellas. Dr Gonzalez is a full‐time employee of P’Kinetics International Incorporated. No other conflicts of interest are known. |
| Pelham 2014 | Low | Funding: grant from the National Institute of Mental Health (MH62946). Dr Pelham was funded by grants from the National Institutes of Health (MH62946, MH69614, MH53554, MH69434, MH65899, MH78051, MH062946, NS39087, AA11873, DA12414, HD42080) and the Institute of Education Sciences (L03000665A). Dr Fabiano was supported in part by a Ruth S Kirschstein National Research Service Award Predoctoral Fellowship (1F31MH064243‐01A1) and by the Department of Education, Institute of Education Sciences (R324J06024, R324B06045). Conflicts of interest: not declared |
| Perez‐Alvarez 2009 | Low | Funding: none. Research was part of the work day, participants were voluntary and no funding was needed to implement the trial Conflicts of interest: none. Investigators are staff members at institutions (affiliations) reported in the paper. |
| Pliszka 1990 | Low | Funding: National Institute of Mental Health (NIMH) Conflicts of interest: not declared |
| Pliszka 2000 | High | Funding: Shire Richwood Incorporated Conflicts of interest: Dr Browne is currently with Watson Pharmaceuticals, Corona, California |
| Pliszka 2007 | High | Funding: National Institute of Mental Health Grant R01 MH63986 Conflicts of interest: Pliszka received honoraria and research support from Shire and MacNeil and research support from Ely Lilly and Cephalon |
| Pliszka 2017 | High | Funding: Ironshore Pharmaceuticals Conflicts of interest: trial authors affiliated with the medical industry |
| Quinn 2004 | High | Funding: Celgene Conflicts of interest: all trial authors disclosed that they have past and present affiliations with the pharmaceutical industry. |
| Ramtvedt 2013 | High | Funding: the first phase was conducted as part of ordinary clinical practice at Neuropsychiatric Unit, Østfold Hospital Trust. The second and third phases, data analysis and preparation of manuscript were sponsored by South‐Eastern Norway Regional Health Authority, and also by Østfold Hospital Trust and National Resource Centre for ADHD, both under the umbrella of South‐Eastern Norway Regional Health Authority. Conflicts of interest: Henning Aabech is a member of the Strattera Advisory Board, Eli Lilly, Norway. |
| Rapport 1985 | Unclear | Funding: not declared Conflicts of interest: not declared |
| Rapport 1987 | Low | Funding: none, neither external nor internal. This project was supported in part by a Biomedical Research Support Grant (no. S07 RR05712), which was awarded to the first trial author by the Biomedical Research Support Grant Program, Division of Research Resources, National Institutes of Health. Conflicts of interest: not declared |
| Rapport 2008 | Low | Funding: none Conflicts of interest: no financial, corporate or commercial relationships to disclose |
| Reitman 2001 | Unclear | Funding: not declared Conflict of interest: none |
| Riggs 2011 | High | Funding: OROS methylphenidate and matching placebo were supplied to the Clinical Trials Network contract pharmacy (EMINENT Services Corporation) by McNeil Consumer and Specialty Pharmaceuticals (distributor for Concerta), at no cost. Principal investigators are not employed by the organisation sponsoring the trial. No agreement between principal investigators and trial sponsor (or its agents) restricts the principal investigator's rights to discuss or publish trial results after the trial is complete Conflicts of interest: some trial authors have received research support from, served on Speakers' Bureaus of or acted as consultants for pharmaceutical companies. |
| Rubinsten 2008 | Low | Funding: the research was completed while Dr Rubinsten was a post‐doctoral fellow at the Hospital for Sick Children (HSC), in Toronto, Canada, and was supported by the Rothschild Fellowship from Israel. It was undertaken, in part, through funding received from the Canadian Institutes of Health (CIHR: grant #MOP 64312), a CIHR post‐doctoral fellowship, and the Canada Research Chairs Program (RT). Conflicts of interest: not declared |
| Samuels 2006 | Unclear | Funding: not declared Conflicts of interest: not declared |
| Schachar 1997a | High | Funding: Medical Research Council of Canada, National Health Research Development Program of Canada and the Department of Psychiatry, The Hospital for Sick Children, Toronto. Placebo pills were provided by Ciba Geigy, Canada, Ltd Conflicts of interest: 2 trial authors have reported working as consultants for pharmaceutical companies, and 1 has furthermore received industry‐sponsored research grants. |
| Schachar 2008 | High | Funding: Purdue Pharma (Canada) Conflicts of interest: some trial authors are working for Purdue Pharma |
| Schrantee 2016 | Low | Funding: this trial was funded by faculty resources of the Academic Medical Center, University of Amsterdam, and by grant 11.32050.26 from the European Research Area Network Priority Medicines for Children (Sixth Framework Programme). Dr Rombouts was supported by Vici (Netherlands Organisation for Scientific Research), and Dr Andersen was supported by grant DA‐015403 from the National Institute on Drug Abuse Conflicts of interest: Dr Niessen reported being cofounder, shareholder, and part‐time scientific officer of Quantib BV. No other disclosures were reported. Through personal correspondence it was clarified that Dr Niessen did not facilitate any part of the trial, but was involved in the data‐analysis of MRI imaging sequence technique used (arterial spin labelling). |
| Schulz 2010 | High | Funding: Novartis Pharma GmbH, Germany. Trial aimed at showing efficacy of Ritalin LA with purpose of obtaining marketing authorisation Conflicts of interest: almost all trial authors have received grants, research support or other kinds of financial support from the medical industry. |
| Schwartz 2004 | High | Funding: grants from Le Fonds de la Recherche en Santé du Québec and the Canadian Institutes of Health Research Conflicts of interest: yes. Dr Joober is a principal investigator on a clinical trial not related to this trial that is sponsored by AstraZeneca Canada Incorporated, and receives no direct compensation for this trial. Dr Boivin has the following industry financial ties: The Litebook Company Ltd., Medicine Hat, Alberta, Canada; and Pulsar Informatics Inc., Vancouver, British Columbia, Canada. |
| Sharp 1999 | Unclear | Funding: not declared Conflicts of interest: not declared |
| Shiels 2009 | High | Funding: National Institute of Mental Health Conflicts of interest: "In the past 3 years, James G. Waxmonsky has served on the Speakers Bureau for Novartis, received honoraria from Scepter, and received research support from Eli Lilly" |
| Silva 2005a | High | Funding: Novartis Pharmaceuticals Corporation Conflicts of interest: all trial authors have been consultants, have received honoraria or have worked for Novartis. |
| Silva 2006 | High | Funding: Novartis Conflicts of interest: some trial authors have affiliations with medical companies |
| Silva 2008 | High | Funding: Novartis Conflicts of interest: some trial authors have affiliations with medical companies |
| Smith 1998 | Low | Funding: grants from the National Institute on Drug Abuse, the National Institute of Mental Health, the National Institute on Alcohol Abuse and Alcoholism and the National Institute of Child Health and Human Development Conflicts of interest: not declared |
| Smith 2004 | Unclear | Funding: not declared Conflicts of interest: not declared |
| Smithee 1998 | Low | Funding: National Institute of Mental Health (NIMH) Grant MH 38228; Rafael Klorman Conflicts of interest: not declared |
| Solanto 2009 | High | Funding: the National Institute of Mental Health Conflicts of interest: 3 trial authors have served or received grants from pharmaceutical companies in the past. |
| Soleimani 2017 | Low | Funding: Guilan University of Medical Sciences Conflicts of interest: none declared |
| Stein 1996 | Low | Funding: the work was supported by the Smart Family Foundation. Conflicts of interest: no affiliations with pharmaceutical companies stated |
| Stein 2003 | High | Funding: the National Institute of Mental Health, the General Clinical Research Center Program of the National Center for Research Resources and the National Institutes of Health, Department of Health and Human Services Conflicts of interest: Drs Stein, Robb, Conlon and Newcorn participate in the Speakers' Bureau for McNeil Consumer and Specialty Pharmaceuticals, and Drs Stein and Newcorn are members of the Concerta National Advisory Committee. |
| Stein 2011 | High | Funding: investigator‐initiated trial sponsored by Novartis Pharmaceuticals, with additional support provided by the University of Illinois at Chicago (UIC) Center for Clinical and Translational Science (CCTS) Conflicts of interest: some trial authors are affiliated with pharmaceutical companies |
| Stoner 1994 | Low | Funding: National Association of School Psychologists Conflicts of interest: not declared |
| Sumner 2010 | Unclear | Funding: it was not clear who sponsored the trial, but someone did (see authors' affiliations). Conflicts of interest: Calvin R Sumner is an employee of and an equity holder for the trial sponsor. Virginia S Haynes, PhD, is an employee of 3i Global (Basking Ridge, NJ) and a paid consultant for the trial sponsor. Martin H Teicher, MD, PhD, served as paid consultant and clinical investigator for the sponsor. Jeffrey H Newcorn, MD, serves as advisor and consultant for Lilly, Ortho‐McNeil Janssen, Schering‐Plough and Shire. He receives research support from Lilly, Ortho‐McNeil Janssen and Shire. |
| Sunohara 1999 | High | Funding: RESTRACOM graduate studentship for The Hospital for Sick Children Research Institute and Novartis Pharmaceuticals Conflicts of interest: not declared |
| Swanson 1998 | High | Funding: grant from Richwood Pharmaceutical Company Conflicts of interest: not declared |
| Swanson 1999 | High | Funding: ALZA Corporation, Palo Alto, California Conflicts of interest: not declared |
| Swanson 2002a | High | Funding: ALZA Corporation Conflicts of interest: not declared |
| Swanson 2002b | High | Funding: ALZA Corporation Conflicts of interest: not declared |
| Swanson 2004b | High | Funding: Celltech Pharmaceuticals Incorporated Conflicts of interest: some trial authors are consultants for pharmaceutical companies |
| Symons 2007 | Unclear | Funding: A McKnight Land‐Grant Professorship to the first author Conflicts of interest: this work was supported, in part, by a McKnight Land‐Grant Professorship to Frank Symons. |
| Szobot 2004 | High | Funding: research funds from Hospital de Clínicas de Porto Alegre, FAPERGS and NOVARTIS Conflicts of interest: not declared |
| Szobot 2008 | High | Funding: "The ADHD outpatient program receives research support from Bristol‐Myers Squibb, Eli‐Lilly, Janssen‐Cilag and Novartis" Conflicts of interest: trial authors are consultants and speakers for various companies |
| Tannock 1989 | Low | Funding: jointly funded by Ontario Mental Health Foundation (Grant No. 963‐86/88) and Health and Welfare Canada (Grant No. 6606‐3166‐42) Conflict of interest: not declared |
| Tannock 1992 | Low | Funding: grant from the Canadian Psychiatric Research Foundation and a post‐doctoral fellowship by the Ontario Mental Health Foundation Conflicts of interest: not declared |
| Tannock 1993 | Low | Funding: the Canadian Psychiatric Research Foundation and the Medical Research Council of Canada Conflicts of interest: not declared |
| Tannock 1995a | Low | Funding: Medical Research Council of Canada and Health and Welfare Canada Conflicts of interest: nothing to declare |
| Tannock 1995b | Low | Funding: in part, by the Ontario Mental Health Foundation and the National Health Research and Development Program, Health Canada Conflicts of interest: not declared |
| Tannock 2018 | Unclear | Funding: an operating grant from the Canadian Institutes of Health Research (Grant # MT 13366), and by the donation of placebo medication from Novartis Pharmaceuticals Conflict of interest: none declared |
| Taylor 1987 | High | Funding: partially funded by grant from CIBA Ltd., which provided medicine and placebo Conflicts of interest: Dr Schachar was supported during this period by a fellowship from the Medical Research Council of Canada. |
| Taylor 1993 | Unclear | Funding: not declared Conflicts of interest: not declared |
| Tervo 2002 | Unclear | Funding: not declared Conflicts of interest: no conflicts of interest have been disclosed |
| Tirosh 1993a | Unclear | Funding: none Conflicts of interest: not declared |
| Tirosh 1993b | Unclear | Funding: not declared Conflicts of interest: not declared |
| Tourette's Syndrome Study Group 2002 | Unclear | Funding: National Institute of Neurological Disorders and Stroke, the General Clinical Research Center, the National Center for Research Resources, the Tourette Syndrome Association Boeringer Ingelheim Inc. (particularly Dr Virgil Dias), for supplying clonidine and matching placebo; Bausch and Lomb, Inc., for supplying small gifts for our trial participants Conflicts of interest: none declared |
| Tucker 2009 | High | Funding: Novartis Pharmaceuticals Corporation Conflicts of interest: some trial authors were employed by Novartis (5 of 8 had a Novartis email address) |
| Ullmann 1985 | Unclear | Funding: National Institutes of Mental Health (NIMH). Ciba‐Geigy provided medication and placebo Conflicts of interest: not declared |
| Ullmann 1986 | Unclear | Funding: in part by a National Institute of Mental Health (NIMH) grant. Ciba‐Geigy provided medication and placebo Conflicts of interest: not declared |
| Urman 1995 | Low | Funding: in part by funds from the Medical Research Council of Canada and the Research Institute of the Hospital for Sick Children Conflicts of interest: not declared |
| Van der Meere 1999a | High | Funding: grants from the Sophia Foundation for Medical Research and Boehringer Ingelheim BV, the Netherlands Conflicts of interest: not declared |
| Wallace 1994 | Low | Funding: The Veterans Administration Medical Center, Vermont Conflicts of interest: not declared |
| Wallander 1987 | Low | Funding: in part by Eunice Kennedy Shriver National Institute of Child Health and Human Development (NICHD) grants and the University of Southern California Faculty Research and Innovation Fund Conflicts of interest: not declared |
| Waxmonsky 2008 | High | Funding: National Institute of Mental Health (NIMH) Grant MH62946 and a Klingenstein Third Generation Foundation Fellowship in Child and Adolescent Depression Research Conflicts of interest: several authors have affiliations with pharmaceutical companies |
| Weiss 2021 | High | Funding: Rhodes Pharmaceuticals, LP Conflict of interest: the trial authors are affiliated with the medical industry. |
| Whalen 1990 | Unclear | Funding: not declared Conflicts of interest: not declared |
| Wigal 2003 | High | Funding: Celltech Americas Incorporated Conflicts of interest: some trial authors are working for Celltech Americas Incorporated |
| Wigal 2004 | High | Funding: Celgene Corporation Conflicts of interest: Dr Wigal reports extensive disclosure. |
| Wigal 2011 | High | Funding: Ortho‐McNeil‐Janssen Scientific Affairs, LLC. Phase IV trial Conflicts of interest: several trial authors had affiliations with pharmaceutical companies producing methylphenidate |
| Wigal 2013 | High | Funding: trial received funds from NextWave Pharmaceutics (Belden and Berry are with NextWave) Conflicts of interest: all trial authors are affiliated with NextWave Pharmaceuticals. |
| Wigal 2014 | High | Funding: Rhodes Pharmaceuticals LP Conflicts of interest: several trial authors work for, or have received grant and research support or both from pharmaceutical companies |
| Wigal 2015 | High | Funding: Rhodes Pharmaceuticals […]. Medical writing assistance was provided by Linda Wagner, PharmD, from Excel Scientific Solutions and funded by Rhodes Pharmaceuticals LP Conflicts of interest: not declared |
| Wigal 2017 | High | Funding: the research was sponsored by NextWave Pharmaceuticals, a wholly owned subsidiary of Pfizer, Inc. Conflicts of interest: trial authors are affiliated with the medical industry |
| Wilens 2006b | High | Funding: McNeil Consumer and Specialty Pharmaceuticals Conflicts of interest: several trial authors have had commitments (e.g. speakers, consultants, advisors) with various pharmaceutical companies |
| Wilens 2008 | High | Funding: Shire Development Incorporated Conflicts of interest: several trial authors have affiliations with medical companies |
| Wilens 2010 | High | Funding: trial and medication/placebo were funded by a grant through Shire Pharmaceuticals. Shire had no role in design, collection, analysis, interpretation, writing or decision to submit Conflicts of interest: some trial authors have received research support from medical companies |
| Wilkison 1995 | Low | Funding: a University of Utah Biomedical Sciences research grant and a grant from the University Research Committee Conflicts of interest: no corporate affiliations described |
| Wodrich 1998 | Unclear | Funding: not declared Conflicts of interest: not declared |
| Wolraich 2001 | High | Funding: ALZA Corporation Conflicts of interest: trial authors are part of the Concerta Study Group |
| Zeiner 1999 | Low | Funding: the Norwegian Medical Research Council, the Norwegian Public Health Association and the Legacy of Haldis and Josef Andresen Conflicts of interest: not declared |
| Zeni 2009 | High | Funding: research grants from Conselho Nacional de Desenvolvimento Cientifico e Tecnologico (CNPq, Brazil) (Grant 471761=03‐6) and Hospital de Clinicas de Porto Alegre (GPPG 03‐325). Aripiprazole was provided by Bristol‐Myers Squibb without restriction. Conflicts of interest: stated, "this is an independent investigator trial"; however some study authors have affiliations with medical companies. |
ADHD: Attention deficit hyperactivity disorder; BV: besloten vennootschap (corresponding to a private limited liability company (LLC) in the USA); DFG: Deutsche Forschungsgemeinschaft; NIH: National Institutes of Health; Inc.: Incorporated; IWK: Izaak Walton Killam; LA: Long acting; Ldt.: Limited liability; LLC: Limited liability company; LP: Limited partnership; MRI: Magnetic resonance imaging; NIAAA: National Institute on Alcohol Abuse and Alcoholism; NIDA: National Institute on Drug Abuse; NIMH: National Institute of Mental Health; NINDS: National institute of Neurological Disorders and Stroke; OROS: osmotic‐release oral system; PI: Primary Investigator; ZonMw: Organisation for Health Research and Development in the Netherlands