| 1.1 All parallel‐group trials and first‐period cross‐over trials |
21 |
1728 |
Std. Mean Difference (IV, Random, 95% CI) |
‐0.74 [‐0.88, ‐0.61] |
| 1.1.1 Low risk of bias |
3 |
206 |
Std. Mean Difference (IV, Random, 95% CI) |
‐0.67 [‐1.11, ‐0.22] |
| 1.1.2 High risk of bias |
18 |
1522 |
Std. Mean Difference (IV, Random, 95% CI) |
‐0.75 [‐0.90, ‐0.61] |
| 1.2 Subgroup analysis: types of scales |
20 |
|
Std. Mean Difference (IV, Random, 95% CI) |
Subtotals only |
| 1.2.1 Conners' Teacher Rating Scale (CTRS) |
9 |
470 |
Std. Mean Difference (IV, Random, 95% CI) |
‐0.63 [‐0.82, ‐0.45] |
| 1.2.2 Abbreviated Conners' Rating Scale (ACRS) ‐ Teacher |
2 |
105 |
Std. Mean Difference (IV, Random, 95% CI) |
‐0.75 [‐1.79, 0.29] |
| 1.2.3 Conners' Abbreviated Symptom Questionnaire for Teachers (ASQ‐Teacher) |
1 |
59 |
Std. Mean Difference (IV, Random, 95% CI) |
‐0.28 [‐0.79, 0.23] |
| 1.2.4 IOWA Conners' Teacher Rating Scale (IOWA CTRS) ‐ hyperactivity |
2 |
193 |
Std. Mean Difference (IV, Random, 95% CI) |
‐1.08 [‐1.39, ‐0.77] |
| 1.2.5 The Swanson, Nolan, and Pelham (SNAP) Scale ‐ Teacher |
2 |
328 |
Std. Mean Difference (IV, Random, 95% CI) |
‐0.61 [‐0.96, ‐0.25] |
| 1.2.6 Teacher ratings of attention |
1 |
20 |
Std. Mean Difference (IV, Random, 95% CI) |
‐0.55 [‐1.45, 0.35] |
| 1.2.7 Teacher ratings of impulsivity |
1 |
20 |
Std. Mean Difference (IV, Random, 95% CI) |
0.04 [‐0.83, 0.92] |
| 1.2.8 IOWA Conners' Teacher Rating Scale ‐ Inattention/Overactivity (IOWA‐I/O) |
2 |
197 |
Std. Mean Difference (IV, Random, 95% CI) |
‐1.03 [‐1.36, ‐0.69] |
| 1.2.9 Fremdbeurteilungsbogen für Hyperkinetische Störungen (FBB‐HKS) |
1 |
85 |
Std. Mean Difference (IV, Random, 95% CI) |
‐1.06 [‐1.52, ‐0.61] |
| 1.2.10 Conners’ ADHD/DSM‐IV Scales ‐ Teacher (CADS‐T) |
2 |
254 |
Std. Mean Difference (IV, Random, 95% CI) |
‐1.05 [‐1.31, ‐0.78] |
| 1.2.11 Strengths and Weaknesses of ADHD Symptoms and Normal Behaviour (SWAN) Scale |
1 |
64 |
Std. Mean Difference (IV, Random, 95% CI) |
‐0.33 [‐0.82, 0.17] |
| 1.3 Subgroup analysis: duration of treatment |
21 |
1728 |
Std. Mean Difference (IV, Random, 95% CI) |
‐0.74 [‐0.88, ‐0.61] |
| 1.3.1 Short term (up to 6 months) |
20 |
1475 |
Std. Mean Difference (IV, Random, 95% CI) |
‐0.77 [‐0.91, ‐0.64] |
| 1.3.2 Long term (over 6 months) |
1 |
253 |
Std. Mean Difference (IV, Random, 95% CI) |
‐0.47 [‐0.72, ‐0.22] |
| 1.4 Subgroup analysis: dose |
21 |
|
Std. Mean Difference (IV, Random, 95% CI) |
Subtotals only |
| 1.4.1 Low dose |
7 |
361 |
Std. Mean Difference (IV, Random, 95% CI) |
‐0.60 [‐0.82, ‐0.39] |
| 1.4.2 High dose |
8 |
766 |
Std. Mean Difference (IV, Random, 95% CI) |
‐0.75 [‐1.00, ‐0.50] |
| 1.4.3 Unknown dose |
8 |
753 |
Std. Mean Difference (IV, Random, 95% CI) |
‐0.85 [‐1.02, ‐0.68] |
| 1.5 Subgroup analysis: medication status ‐ medication naive versus not medication naive |
11 |
882 |
Std. Mean Difference (IV, Random, 95% CI) |
‐0.76 [‐0.94, ‐0.59] |
| 1.5.1 Medication naive |
7 |
480 |
Std. Mean Difference (IV, Random, 95% CI) |
‐0.70 [‐0.88, ‐0.51] |
| 1.5.2 Not medication naive |
4 |
402 |
Std. Mean Difference (IV, Random, 95% CI) |
‐0.85 [‐1.20, ‐0.50] |
| 1.6 Subgroup analysis: trials with enrichment design compared with trials without enrichment design |
20 |
1679 |
Std. Mean Difference (IV, Random, 95% CI) |
‐0.75 [‐0.89, ‐0.62] |
| 1.6.1 Trials with enrichment design of all participants |
8 |
1072 |
Std. Mean Difference (IV, Random, 95% CI) |
‐0.74 [‐0.96, ‐0.53] |
| 1.6.2 Trials without enrichment design of all participants |
12 |
607 |
Std. Mean Difference (IV, Random, 95% CI) |
‐0.78 [‐0.96, ‐0.60] |
| 1.7 Subgroup analysis: parallel‐group trials compared with first‐period cross‐over trials |
21 |
1728 |
Std. Mean Difference (IV, Random, 95% CI) |
‐0.74 [‐0.88, ‐0.61] |
| 1.7.1 Parallel‐group trials |
19 |
1633 |
Std. Mean Difference (IV, Random, 95% CI) |
‐0.76 [‐0.90, ‐0.61] |
| 1.7.2 First‐period cross‐over trials |
2 |
95 |
Std. Mean Difference (IV, Random, 95% CI) |
‐0.57 [‐0.98, ‐0.15] |
| 1.8 Subgroup analysis: vested interest |
18 |
1460 |
Std. Mean Difference (IV, Random, 95% CI) |
‐0.74 [‐0.90, ‐0.58] |
| 1.8.1 Low risk of vested interest |
4 |
186 |
Std. Mean Difference (IV, Random, 95% CI) |
‐0.49 [‐0.79, ‐0.20] |
| 1.8.2 High risk of vested interest |
14 |
1274 |
Std. Mean Difference (IV, Random, 95% CI) |
‐0.78 [‐0.96, ‐0.60] |
| 1.9 Subgroup analysis: type of control group |
21 |
1728 |
Std. Mean Difference (IV, Random, 95% CI) |
‐0.74 [‐0.88, ‐0.61] |
| 1.9.1 Placebo control group |
17 |
1358 |
Std. Mean Difference (IV, Random, 95% CI) |
‐0.77 [‐0.92, ‐0.63] |
| 1.9.2 No‐intervention control group |
4 |
370 |
Std. Mean Difference (IV, Random, 95% CI) |
‐0.62 [‐0.99, ‐0.24] |
| 1.10 Cross‐over trial (endpoint data) |
64 |
6341 |
Std. Mean Difference (IV, Random, 95% CI) |
‐0.88 [‐1.01, ‐0.75] |
| 1.10.1 Low risk of bias |
7 |
733 |
Std. Mean Difference (IV, Random, 95% CI) |
‐0.62 [‐0.84, ‐0.40] |
| 1.10.2 High risk of bias |
57 |
5608 |
Std. Mean Difference (IV, Random, 95% CI) |
‐0.91 [‐1.06, ‐0.77] |
| 1.11 Subgroup analysis: cross‐over trials (endpoint data): dose |
58 |
7403 |
Std. Mean Difference (IV, Random, 95% CI) |
‐0.82 [‐0.93, ‐0.71] |
| 1.11.1 Low dose |
43 |
4530 |
Std. Mean Difference (IV, Random, 95% CI) |
‐0.72 [‐0.86, ‐0.59] |
| 1.11.2 High dose |
31 |
2873 |
Std. Mean Difference (IV, Random, 95% CI) |
‐0.96 [‐1.15, ‐0.77] |
| 1.12 Subgroup analysis: all parallel‐group trials and first‐period cross‐over trials compared with cross‐over trials (endpoint data) |
81 |
7564 |
Std. Mean Difference (IV, Fixed, 95% CI) |
‐0.82 [‐0.87, ‐0.77] |
| 1.12.1 All parallel‐group trials and first‐period cross‐over trials |
21 |
1728 |
Std. Mean Difference (IV, Fixed, 95% CI) |
‐0.74 [‐0.84, ‐0.64] |
| 1.12.2 Cross‐over trials (endpoint data) |
60 |
5836 |
Std. Mean Difference (IV, Fixed, 95% CI) |
‐0.85 [‐0.90, ‐0.79] |
| 1.13 All parallel‐group trials and cross‐over trials: risk of bias |
81 |
7564 |
Std. Mean Difference (IV, Random, 95% CI) |
‐0.85 [‐0.96, ‐0.74] |
| 1.13.1 Low risk of bias |
8 |
518 |
Std. Mean Difference (IV, Random, 95% CI) |
‐0.68 [‐0.91, ‐0.45] |
| 1.13.2 High risk of bias |
73 |
7046 |
Std. Mean Difference (IV, Random, 95% CI) |
‐0.87 [‐0.99, ‐0.75] |
| 1.14 All parallel‐group trials and cross‐over trials: vested interest |
77 |
7212 |
Std. Mean Difference (IV, Random, 95% CI) |
‐0.85 [‐0.96, ‐0.73] |
| 1.14.1 Low risk of vested interest |
23 |
1446 |
Std. Mean Difference (IV, Random, 95% CI) |
‐0.83 [‐1.08, ‐0.58] |
| 1.14.2 High risk of vested interest |
54 |
5766 |
Std. Mean Difference (IV, Random, 95% CI) |
‐0.85 [‐0.98, ‐0.72] |
