| Study | Reason for exclusion |
|---|---|
| ACTRN12608000059369 | Likely no relevant outcomes for our review as outcomes were structural imaging results: volume and activation of different brain regions |
| An 2013 | Likely no relevant outcome for our review as this was resting state brain function only |
| Anderson 2002 | Likely no relevant outcome for our review as this was functional magnetic resonance relaxometry only |
| Barkley 1988a | Likely no relevant outcomes for our review as outcomes were Home Situations Questionnaire, Parenting Stress Index, and Beck Depression Inventory |
| Barkley 1997 | Likely no relevant outcomes for our review as these were "2 questionnaires", and "Electronic apparatus" |
| Bart 2013 | Likely no relevant outcomes for our review as these were Movement Assessment Battery for Children – Second edition, and Online Continuous Performance Test |
| Bedard 2002 | Likely no relevant outcomes for our review as these were response interference, and Stroop Naming Speed |
| Bedard 2003 | Likely no relevant outcomes for our review as these were Parent Interview for Child Symptoms, Teacher Telephone Interview–IV, and Selective Stop‐Signal Task |
| Bedard 2004 | Likely no relevant outcomes for our review as these were Parent Interview for Child Symptoms; Teacher Telephone Interview–IV, Reading subtest/Wide Range Achievement Test ‐ 3, Word Attack and Word Identification subtests of the Woodcock Reading Mastery, and Test‐Revised Cambridge Neuropsychological Testing Automated Battery |
| Bedard 2007 | Likely no relevant outcomes for our review as these were focusing on working memory; Test of Word and Language Efficiency, Wide Range Achievement Test ‐ 3, Woodcock‐Johnson Tests of Achievement, and Cambridge Neuropsychological Test Automated Battery (CANTAB) Spatial Span |
| Beery 1994 | Likely no relevant outcomes for our review as these were focusing on behavioural management and behavioural disinhibition |
| Beery 2017 | Likely no relevant outcomes for our review as these was focusing on social behavior |
| Ben‐Pazi 2006 | Likely no relevant outcome for our review as this was focusing on hastening phenomena only |
| Bental 2008 | Likely no relevant outcomes for our review as these was focusing on reading measures |
| Beyer 2014 | Likely no relevant outcomes for our review as these were The Frankfurt Test and training of social affect |
| Bouziane 2019 | Likely no relevant outcome for our review as this was MRI measuring only |
| Brown 1984b | Likely no relevant outcome for our review as this was Children's Checking Task only |
| Buhrmester 1992 | Likely no relevant outcome for our review as this was focusing on prosocial behavior only |
| Campbell 1996 | Likely no relevant outcome for our review as this was reaction times on Tachistoscopic Task only |
| Carlson 1991 | Likely no relevant outcomes for our review as these were focusing on reaction times and other cognitive tasks |
| Carlson 1992 | Likely no relevant outcomes for our review as these were focusing on task and disruptive behaviour; academic work completion and accuracy |
| Cohen 2020 | Likely no relevant outcome for our review as this was focusing on Go/No‐Go Task only |
| Cox 2004b | Likely no relevant outcome for our review as this was focusing on driving performance ‐ measured by computer only |
| Cubillo 2014 | Likely no relevant outcome for our review as this were focusing on Stop Task combined with fMRI only |
| Cubillo 2020 | Likely no relevant outcome for our review as this was focusing on fMRI during Sustained Attention Task only |
| Dawson 1998 | Likely no relevant outcomes for our review as these were focusing on Mirsky's proposed factors of attention: sustained attention, focus/execute, encode, and stability of attention |
| De Sonneville 1991 | Likely no relevant outcomes for our review as these were focusing on specific attention function: sustained attention, information processing, response organization |
| DeVito 2008 | Likely no relevant outcomes for our review as these were focusing on Cambridge Gamble Task; measures of response inhibition and reflection‐impulsivity on the information Sampling Task |
| Dougherty 2016 | Likely no relevant outcomes for our review as these were focusing on Immediate Memory Task, GoStop Impulsivity Paradigm, Two Choice Impulsivity Paradigm |
| Evans 1986 | Likely no relevant outcomes for our review as these were focusing on verbal memory and learning |
| Fosco 2017 | Likely no relevant outcomes for our review as these were focusing on cognitive domains, including working memory, inhibitory control and attention |
| Fosco 2021 | Likely no relevant outcomes for our review as these were focusing on inhibitory control, visuospatial working memory, reaction time variability, and delay discounting |
| Fox 2014 | Likely no relevant outcomes for our review as these were focusing on memory tasks |
| Francis 2001 | Likely no relevant outcomes for our review as these were focusing story telling and story grammar analysis |
| Gan 1982 | Likely no relevant outcome for our review as this was focusing on performance on Paired Associate Learning task only |
| Golubchik 2018 | Likely no relevant outcome for our review as this was focusing on changes in school report cards only |
| González‐Carpio Hernández 2016 | Likely no relevant outcome for our review as this was focusing on creativity measurements only |
| Granger 1996 | Likely no relevant outcome for our review as this was focusing on social behaviour only |
| Grizenko 2010 | Likely no relevant outcomes for our review as these were focusing on academic behaviour; sustained attention; impulse inhibition control |
| Günther 2010 | Likely no relevant outcomes for our review as these were focusing on sustained attention measured by computer attention tests |
| Hadar 2020 | Likely no relevant outcomes for our review as these were focusing on Visuo‐Motor Attention Test and multiple cognitive tasks measuring auditory and visual executive functions |
| Halliday 1983 | Likely no relevant outcomes for our review as these were focusing on event‐related potentials |
| Hanisch 2004 | Likely no relevant outcomes for our review as these were focusing on computerised attention tasks |
| Hazel‐Fernandez 2006 | Likely no relevant outcome for our review as this was focusing on Paired Associates Learning task; Tower of Hanoi only |
| Helseth 2015 | Likely no relevant outcomes for our review as these were focusing on children’s rates of reinforcement for deviant peer behavior |
| Hinshaw 1989 | Likely no relevant outcome for our review as this was focusing on prosocial behaviour only |
| Hinshaw 1993 | Likely no relevant outcome for our review as this was focusing on antisocial behaviour only |
| Horowitz 2020 | Likely no relevant outcomes for our review as these were focusing on Sustained Attention to Response Task, N‐Back Task, Stroop Color and Word Task |
| Humphries 1979 | Likely no relevant outcome for our review as this was focusing on maze‐tracking performance only |
| Ishii‐Takahashi 2015 | Likely no relevant outcomes for our review as these were focusing on prefrontal haemodynamics measured by fNIRS |
| ISRCTN52376787 | Likely no relevant outcomes for our review as these were focusing on information about effects of MPH on cognitive function (including the possibility of cognitive toxicity) in children with ADHD, greater understanding of the underlying cognitive processes in ADHD, identification of potential cognitive deficits in ADHD. |
| JPRN‐UMIN000008831 | Likely no relevant outcomes for our review as these were focusing on fNIRS analysis and behavioral performance |
| JPRN‐UMIN000027533 | Likely no relevant outcome for our review as this was focusing on rsfMRI only |
| King 2009a | Likely no relevant outcomes for our review as these were focusing on social information processing |
| King 2009b | Likely no relevant outcomes for our review as these were focusing on laboratory provocation task, measuring hostile, instrumental, reactive, and proactive aggression |
| Kobayashi 2020 | Likely no relevant outcomes for our review as these were focusing on haemodynamic changes measured by fNIRS during observation of happy and angry facial expressions |
| Kowalczyk 2019 | Likely no relevant outcome for our review as these were focusing on sustained attention/vigilance task in a 3T MRI scanner only |
| Lange 2007 | Likely no relevant outcome for our review as these were focusing on reaction time, alertness, vigilance, and divided attention |
| Leitner 2007b | Likely no relevant outcomes for our review as these were focusing on gait; stride to stride variability, memory, visual‐spatial, verbal, and attention domains |
| Levi‐Shachar 2020 | Likely no relevant outcomes for our review as these were focusing on Dimensional Change Card Sort Test (DCCS) and the Flanker Inhibitory Control and Attention Test, Theory of Mind tests, oxytocin levels |
| Luman 2015 | Likely no relevant outcomes for our review as these were focusing on time production task, accuracy and response latency in an instrumental learning task |
| Malone 1988 | Likely no relevant outcomes for our review as these were focusing on word processing, reaction time, and cognitive decision task |
| Malone 1993 | Likely no relevant outcome for our review as this was focusing on impulsive responding only |
| Malone 1994 | Likely no relevant outcome for our review as this was focusing on right hemisphere dysfunction only |
| Martin 2007 | Likely no relevant outcomes for our review as these were focusing on depression; addiction rate; Continuous Performance Task; heart rate and blood pressure |
| Mazzetti 2022 | Likely no relevant outcome for our review as this was focusing on spatial attention task only |
| Mehta 2004 | Likely no relevant outcome for our review as this was focusing on working memory only |
| Merrill 2022 | Likely no relevant outcome for our review as these were focusing on novel mindwandering sustained attention to response task only |
| Milich 1989 | Likely no relevant outcome for our review as this was focusing on Continuous Performance Task only |
| Milich 1991 | Likely no relevant outcome for our review as this was focusing on task persistence only |
| Mizuno 2021 | Likely no relevant outcomes for our review as these were focusing on Sustained attention examined using a continuous performance test. MRI scans |
| Morris 2022 | Likely no relevant outcomes for our review as these were focusing on electrocardiographic and electrodermal outcomes |
| Nagashima 2015 | Likely no relevant outcomes for our review as these were focusing on oxy‐hb changes measured with fNIRS during Go/No‐Go Task |
| NCT00485797 | Likely no relevant outcome for our review as this was focusing on postural sway measures |
| NCT00778310 | Likely no relevant outcomes for our review as these were focusing on brain oxygenation level‐dependent signal in the fusiform gyrus and the amygdala on Concerta vs placebo |
| NCT02318017 | Likely no relevant outcomes for our review as these were focusing on electroencephalography data during neurocognitive tasks |
| NCT03788902 | Likely no relevant outcomes for our review as these were focusing on Theory of Mind, Faux‐Pas Recognition Test, and salivary oxytocin levels |
| NCT04349917 | Likely no relevant outcomes for our review as these were focusing on Go/No Go Task and fMRI |
| Novak 1995 | Likely no relevant outcomes for our review as these were focusing on reaction time and visuospatial attention |
| O'Toole 1997 | Likely no relevant outcome for our review as this was focusing on non‐verbal learning only |
| Pakdaman 2018 | Likely no relevant outcome for our review as this was focusing on neuropsychological tests only |
| Peeke 1984 | Likely no relevant outcome for our review as this was focusing on verbal information processing only |
| Pelham 1985 | Likely no relevant outcomes for our review as these were focusing on classroom academic and social behaviour |
| Pelham 1990b | Likely no relevant outcomes for our review as these were focusing on attention during baseball game; on task behaviour; and ability to answer question about the status of the game |
| Pelham 1992 | Likely no relevant outcomes for our review as these were self‐reported attribution and evaluation of behaviour |
| Pelham 1997 | Likely no relevant outcomes for our review as these were focusing on performance, self‐evaluation, persistence, and attributions on cognitive task |
| Pelham 2001b | Likely no relevant outcomes for our review as these were focusing on a large number of different measures of behaviour |
| Pelham 2017a | Likely no relevant outcomes for our review as these were focusing on daily contact reports, Good Day/Bad Day Questionnaire, and self‐perceived medication status |
| Pelham 2017b | Likely no relevant outcomes for our review as these were focusing mother and child relationship |
| Rapport 1995 | Likely no relevant outcome for our review as this was focusing on Paired Associates Learning task only |
| Ratzon 2017 | Likely no relevant outcomes for our review as these were focusing on driving skills tested by the STISIM Drive simulator |
| Richardson 1988 | Likely no relevant outcome for our review as this was focusing on reading achievement only |
| Rubia 2003 | Likely no relevant outcome for our review as this was focusing on motor timing only |
| Rubinson 2019 | Likely no relevant outcomes for our review as these were focusing on Go/No‐Go Task and electroencephalography |
| Sangal 2006 | Likely no relevant outcome for our review as this was focusing on auditory amplitude only |
| Silk 2012 | Likely no relevant outcome for our review as this was focusing on neural substrates only |
| Silk 2014 | Likely no relevant outcome for our review as this was focusing on a visual attention task only |
| Silk 2017 | Likely no relevant outcome for our review as this was focusing on rsfMRI only |
| Slama 2015 | Likely no relevant outcomes for our review as these were focusing on Continuous Performance Test and Counting Stroop Task |
| Smith 2013 | Likely no relevant outcome for our review as this was focusing on fMRI only |
| Solanto 1986 | Likely no relevant outcomes for our review as these were focusing on attention during play measured by locomotor activity; Children's Checking Test; and fine motor control |
| Solanto 1997 | Likely no relevant outcome for our review as this was focusing on Continuous Performance Test only |
| Srinivas 1992 | Likely no relevant outcomes for our review as these were focusing on sustained attention measured by computer attention tests |
| Strand 2012 | Likely no relevant outcome for our review as this was focusing on working memory only |
| Stray 2009 | Likely no relevant outcome for our review as this was focusing on motor functions only |
| Sunohara 1997 | Likely no relevant outcome for our review as this was focusing on event‐related potentials only |
| Sutoko 2019 | Likely no relevant outcome for our review as this was focusing on fNIRS during Go/No‐Go Task only |
| Swanson 1993 | Likely no relevant outcome for our review as this was focusing on impulsive responding |
| Szobot 2003 | Likely no relevant outcome for our review as this was focusing on cerebral blood flow only |
| Tannock 2000 | Likely no relevant outcomes for our review as these were focusing on naming speed and academic measures |
| Teicher 2003 | Likely no relevant outcomes for our review as these were focusing on computerised Contiuous Performance Test and fMRI |
| Teicher 2006 | Likely no relevant outcome for our review as this was focusing on rate‐dependent behavioural effects only |
| Teicher 2007 | Likely no relevant outcome for our review as this was focusing on McLean Motion Attention Test only |
| Tillery 2000 | Likely no relevant outcome for our review as this was focusing on auditory performance only |
| Trommer 1991 | Likely no relevant outcome for our review as this was focusing on Go‐No‐Go performance only |
| Tsang 2012 | Likely no relevant outcomes for our review as these were focusing on cognitive tasks, and emotional functions |
| Tucha 2006 | Likely no relevant outcome for our review as this was focusing on reaction time tasks only |
| Van den Driessche 2017 | Likely no relevant outcome for our review as this was focusing on mind blanking during Go/No‐Go Task only |
| Van Lith 2018 | Likely no relevant outcome for our review as this was focusing on region‐of‐interest analysis of fMRI data during fear learning only |
| Verbaten 1994 | Likely no relevant outcome for our review as this was focusing on Continuous Performance Test only |
| Waschbusch 2007 | Likely no relevant outcome for our review as this was focusing on academic‐oriented tasks only |
| Whalen 1987 | Likely no relevant outcome for our review as this was focusing on social behaviour only |
| Wong 2012 | Likely no relevant outcome for our review as this was focusing on Sternberg Working Memory fMRI Task only |
| Wu 2017 | Likely no relevant outcome for our review as this was focusing on brain activation during verbal working memory task only |
| Yarmolovsky 2017 | Likely no relevant outcome for our review as this was focusing on executive control test ‐ Stroop‐like task only |
ADHD: attention deficit hyperactivity disorder; fMRI: functional magnetic resonance imaging; fNIRS: functional near‐infrared spectroscopy; MPH: methylphenidate; MRI: magnetic resonance imaging; n: number; oxy‐hb: oxygen‐haemoglobin; rsfMRI: resting state functional magnetic resonance imaging; STISIM Drive: Systems Technology, Inc. Simulation Drive; 3T: 3 Tesla