TABLE 5.

Cognition and Language

Outcome Measure	Ratings (Means and Range)	Pros	Cons
Cognition
CVLT-Child / CVLT-33126–137	Mean: 4.66 Range: 4–5	• Short administration time • Well normed and studied in pediatric stroke and TBI • Child and adult versiondgood for tracking over time	• Cost but still less expensive than most other cognitive tests • Requires training to administer and interpret
WIAT-III138–142	Mean: 4.66 Range: 4–5	• Well standardized • Frequently used in research and clinically in pediatric stroke	• Long administration time
BRIEF-2143–153	Mean: 4.33 Range: 4–5	• Quick • Available in 40 languages • Solid psychometric properties • Easy to administer • Child and adult versiondgood for tracking over time	• Cost, parent-teacher inter-rater agreement was only moderate but was indicated to be consistent with expectation for different environmental settings
Wechsler Intelligence Tests (WISC-V/WPPSI- IV/WAIS-IV)154–162	Mean: 4.33 Range: 3–5	• Normed in >2000 children • Excellent psychometric properties • Most commonly used cognitive measure in North America • Can track patients from childhood to adulthood using same measure (different version depending on age) • Validated for use remotely (i.e., online administration)	• Cost • Requires significant training • Lengthy • Practice effects—frequent assessments are not feasible • Although available in several different languages, validation processes are of varying quality—suggested cautious use of Spanish version
Conner’s Scale for ADHD Assessment, third edition163,164	Mean: 4.33 Range: 4–5	• Easy to • No information on sensitivity to change or cross-cultural validity	•No information on sensitivity to change or cross-cultural validity
NIH Toolbox Cognitive Battery165–170	Mean: 4 Range: 4	• Shorter testing than most cognitive screening batteries • Solid psychometric properties • Has been assessed across multiple conditions, including pediatric stroke • Child and adult version—good for tracking over time	• Cost (less than some) • Experience needed in psychologyand requires training to administer
DKEFS171–178	Mean: 3.66 Range: 3–4	• 9 subtests—can administer individually or as a group • Sensitive in the detection of frontal lobe function • Developed for populations with brain • Sensitive in distinguishing between different clinical groups (focal frontal lesions vs fetal alcohol syndrome vs healthy controls) • • Alternative forms—reduces practice	• Validity is lower in youngest age groups (greater variability in scores in younger groups during standardization) • Only valid for children ages 8+ • Adequate reliability for some subtests • Test instructions can be complex and repetitive effects
TEA-Ch178–181	Mean: 3.66 Range: 3–4	• Tests a number of different types of attention • Scores are age-sensitive • 3 versions available—risk of practice effects is lower • Child and adult version—good for tracking over time	• Clinicians tend to find the most recent version (second version) cumbersome • Children with ADHD have trouble undergoing assessment • Poor test-retest • Expensive • Scoring instructions are unclear
WMS-IV182–185	Mean: 3.33 Range: 3–4	• Good but longer administration time for same cost as similar tests • Decent reliability	• Not studied in peds stroke • Only for children 16+ • Different depending on age, which makes it concerning for assessing longitudinal effects • Practice effects • Low scores are common in healthy children and adolescents, interpret with some caution
ChAMP186–190	Mean: 3.33 Range: 3–4	• Screening index as well as longer battery available • Ecologically valid • Shorter than other memory tests • Does not rely heavily on other neurocognitive domains (e.g., visual-motor integration) • Developed and validated in children with motor impairments	• Ongoing expense for electronic scoring • Less sensitive to memory deficits than the CVLT • Screening index less reliable than subtest measures • Practice effects observed if tested again <45 days later • Tasks can be monotonous and boring for younger children for visual memory subtests—sustained attention is required Instructions subtest may be culturally relevant for some children leading to inflated scores • Low scores are common in healthy children and adolescents, interpret with some caution
Speech and language
FOCUS191–192	Mean: 4 Range: 4	• Good validity and reliability • Parents can administer it • Low cost	• Relatively long delay between assessment points • Age range is small • Lengthy • Costly
EVT, third edition, and PPVT, fifth edition197,198	Mean: 3.66 Range: 3–4	• Reliable and valid. • Modifications available for children with disabilities and young children • Some cross-cultural validity • Can compare expressive to receptive language on two measures that were co-normed • Accessible for children with low intellectual ability	• Long administration time • High cost • Limited in its complexity as it is a naming task and does not evaluate higher-order aspects oflanguage (i.e., inference or comprehension of sen- tences/instructions)
Children’s Acquired Aphasia Screening Test199	Mean: 1.33 Range: 1–2	• Developed to evaluate aphasia in children	• No information available within the literature

Abbreviations:

ADHD = Attention-deficit/hyperactivity disorder

BRIEF-2 = Behavior Rating Inventory of Executive Function, Second Edition

CELF = Clinical Evaluation of Language Fundamentals

ChAMP = Child and Adolescent Memory Profile

CVLT-3 = California Verbal Learning Test—Child, Third Edition

DKEFS = Delis Kaplan Executive Function System

EVT = Expressive Verbal Test

FOCUS = Focus on the Outcome of Communication Under Six

PPVT = Peabody Picture Vocabulary Test

TBI = Traumatic brain injury

TEA-Ch = Test of Everyday Attention-Child

WAIS-IV = Weschler Adult Intelligence Scale-IV

WIAT-III = Wechsler Intellectual Achievement Test, Third Edition

WISC-V = Weschler Intelligence Scale for Children-V

WMS-IV = Wechsler Memory Scale, Fourth Edition

WPPSI- IV = Welschler Preschool and Primary Scale of Intelligence-IV

When only one number is given for range, all reviewers/raters agreed on that rating.