Schauffler 2001.

Methods	Setting: 2 health maintenance organisations (HMOs), USA Recruitment: Members of HMOs recruited by phone, no obligation to quit
Participants	1204 smokers (excludes 342 who did not return consent form). No demographic information provided Providers: specialist counsellors
Interventions	1. Notification of access to smoking cessation treatment covered by HMO: free NRT (patch or gum ordered by phone, dose tailored to smoking history) and free American Lung Association programmes (4‐7 sessions over 2‐4 weeks) 2. Self‐help kit including video & pamphlet
Outcomes	Abstinence at 12m from introduction of benefit (PP). No quit date set so period since quit day not known Validation: none
Notes	Low use of treatment: 25% I vs 14% C study completers reported use of NRT during study period. 1.2% I vs 1.1% C reported participation in a behavioural programme.
Risk of bias
Bias	Authors' judgement	Support for judgement
Random sequence generation (selection bias)	Unclear risk	randomized, method not described
Allocation concealment (selection bias)	Unclear risk	No details given
Incomplete outcome data (attrition bias) All outcomes	Low risk	12% discontinued & 15% lost to follow‐up, similar across groups. Paper calculates % quit excluding discontinuations; all losses counted as smokers in this MA, giving marginally more conservative RR