Table 1.
Impacts of uninterrupted prolonged sitting on peripheral hemodynamics, macrovascular function, microvascular function, and vasoactive molecules
| References | Sex and Age of Subjects, yr | Sitting Duration, h | Location | Outcomes |
|---|---|---|---|---|
|
Peripheral hemodynamics
| ||||
| Credeur et al. (36) | M and F, 26 ± 7 (n = 20) | 3 | Posterior tibial artery | ↓ Mean shear rate ↓ Oscillatory shear index |
| Horiuchi et al. (37) | M and F, 22 ± 4 (n = 20) | 3 | Popliteal artery | ↓ Blood flow |
| Hou et al. (13) | M, 23 ± 2 (n = 5) | 0.5 | External iliac artery | ↑ Oscillatory shear index ↓ Retrograde flow ↓ Shear stress |
| Park et al. (8) | M and F, 24 ± 2 (n = 14) | 2.5 | Common femoral artery | ↓ Mean shear rate ↓ Blood flow |
| Restaino et al. (38) | M, 27 ± 1 (n = 11) | 6 | Popliteal artery | ↓ Mean blood flow ↓ Mean blood velocity ↓ Mean shear rate |
| Restaino et al. (39) | M, 26 ± 1 (n = 10) | 3 | Popliteal artery | ↓ Mean shear rate ↓ Blood flow |
| Shvartz et al. (40) | M, 25 (n = 8) | 5 | Thigh and calf | ↔ Thigh blood flow ↓ Calf blood flow |
| Thosar et al. (35) | M, 24 ± 4 (n = 12) | 3 | Superficial femoral artery | ↓ Antegrade shear rate ↓ Mean shear rate ↔ Retrograde shear rate |
| Thosar et al. (21) | M, 24 ± 4 (n = 12) | 3 | Superficial femoral artery | ↓ Antegrade shear rate ↓ Mean shear rate ↔ Retrograde shear rate |
| Walsh et al. (11) | M and F, 26 ± 1 (n = 12) | 3 | Popliteal artery | ↓ Mean shear rate ↓ Antegrade shear rate ↑ Retrograde shear rate |
| Macrovascular function | ||||
| Barone Gibbs et al. (41) | M and F, 42 ± 12 (n = 25) | 10 | Peripheral and central PWV | ↔ Carotid-femoral PWV ↔ Carotid-radial PWV ↑ Carotid-ankle PWV |
| Climie et al. (25) | M and F, 57 ± 12 (n = 19) | 5 | Superficial femoral artery FMD | ↓ Superficial femoral artery FMD |
| Credeur et al. (36) | M and F, 26 ± 7 (n = 20) | 3 | Posterior tibial artery FMD and central PWV | ↑ Carotid-femoral PWV ↓ Posterior tibial FMD |
| Evans et al. (42) | M and F, 22 ± 3 (n = 20) | 3 | Central PWV | ↔ Carotid-femoral PWV |
| Headid et al. (7) | M and F, 22 ± 2 (n = 12) | 2.5 | Popliteal artery FMD, peripheral and central PWV | ↓ Popliteal artery FMD ↔ Carotid-femoral PWV ↔ Carotid-radial PWV ↔ Carotid-distal PWV |
| Morishima et al. (22) | M and F, 26 ± 1 (n = 11) | 3 | Popliteal artery FMD | ↓ Popliteal artery FMD |
| Morishima et al. (15) | M and F, 27 ± 1 (n = 15) | 3 | Popliteal artery FMD | ↓ Popliteal artery FMD |
| O'Brien et al. (43) | M and F, 24 ± 3 (n = 20) | 3 | Popliteal artery FMD | ↓ Popliteal artery FMD |
| Park et al. (8) | M and F, 24 ± 2 (n = 14) | 2.5 | Popliteal artery FMD, peripheral and central PWV | ↓ Popliteal artery FMD ↔ Carotid-femoral PWV ↔ Carotid-radial PWV ↔ Carotid-ankle PWV ↔ Femoral-ankle PWV |
| Restaino et al. (38) | M, 27 ± 1 (n = 11) | 6 | Popliteal artery FMD | ↓ Popliteal artery FMD |
| Restaino et al. (39) | M, 26 ± 1 (n = 10) | 3 | Popliteal artery FMD | ↓ Popliteal artery FMD |
| Taylor et al. (24) | M and F, 62 ± 8 (n = 24) | 7 | Femoral artery FMD | ↔ Femoral artery FMD |
| Thosar et al. (35) | M, 24 ± 4 (n = 12) | 3 | Superficial femoral artery FMD | ↓ Superficial femoral artery FMD |
| Thosar et al. (21) | M, 24 ± 4 (n = 12) | 3 | Superficial femoral artery FMD | ↓ Superficial femoral artery FMD |
| Microvascular function | ||||
| Clime et al. (25) | M and F, 57 ± 12 (n = 19) | 5 | Femoral artery reactive hyperemia | ↔ Shear rate AUC |
| Credeur et al. (36) | M and F, 26 ± 7 (n = 20) | 3 | Posterior tibial artery reactive hyperemia | ↓ Posterior tibial artery AUC |
| Decker et al. (44) | M and F, 24 ± 4 (n = 26) | 1.5 | Passive leg movement | ↓ Common femoral artery peak blood flow ↔ Common femoral artery blood flow AUC |
| Garten et al. (23) | M and F, 57 ± 1 (n = 10) | 3 | Passive leg movement | ↓ Common femoral artery blood flow AUC |
| Headid et al. (7) | M and F, 22 ± 2 (n = 12) | 2.5 | Medial gastrocnemius reactive hyperemia | ↓ Tissue oxygenation index recovery rate |
| Horiuchi et al. (45) | M and F, 21 ± 2 (n = 20) | 3 | Medial gastrocnemius reactive hyperemia | ↓ Tissue oxygenation index AUC ↓ Tissue oxygenation index recovery rate |
| Kurosawa et al. (46) | M, 23 ± 1 (n = 9) | 8 | Lateral gastrocnemius tissue oxygenation | ↓ Oxygenated hemoglobin ↓ Total hemoglobin |
| O'Brien et al. (43) | M and F, 24 ± 3 (n = 20) | 3 | Popliteal artery reactive hyperemia | ↓ Shear rate AUC |
| Park et al. (8) | M and F, 24 ± 2 (n = 14) | 2.5 | Medial gastrocnemius reactive hyperemia | ↓ Tissue oxygenation index recovery rate |
| Restaino et al. (38) | M, 27 ± 1 (n = 11) | 6 | Popliteal artery reactive hyperemia | ↓ Popliteal mean blood flow AUC ↓ Popliteal artery shear AUC |
| Restaino et al. (39) | M, 26 ± 1 (n = 10) | 3 | Popliteal artery reactive hyperemia | ↓ Blood flow AUC ↓ Shear rate AUC |
| Vranish et al. (47) | M and F, 23 ± 4 (n = 18) | 3 | Popliteal artery reactive hyperemia | ↓ Popliteal artery blood velocity AUC |
| Vasoactive molecules | ||||
| Ballard et al. (48) | M, 21 ± 2 (n = 11) | 3 | Plasma oxidant status and endothelin-1 | ↔ Malondialdehyde ↔ Endothelin-1 |
| Climie et al. (25) | M and F, 57 ± 12 (n = 19) | 5 | NO bioavailability, endothelin-1, and inflammatory makers | ↑ Endothelin-1 |
| ↔ Plasma nitrate/nitrite ↔ Intracellular adhesion molecule-1 ↔ Vascular cell adhesion molecule-1 | ||||
| Decker et al. (44) | M and F, 24 ± 4 (n = 26) | 1.5 | Whole blood superoxide | ↔ Superoxide concentration |
| Evans et al. (49) | M and F, 22 ± 3 (n = 20) | 3 | Endothelial microparticles, circulating angiogenic cells, endothelin-1 | ↓ Endothelial microparticles ↔ Circulating angiogenic cells ↔ Endothelin-1 |
| Garten et al. (23) | M and F, 57 ± 1 (n = 10) | 3 | Plasma oxidant status and inflammatory markers | ↔ Malondialdehyde ↔ Superoxide dismutase ↔ Interleukin-6 |
| Park et al. (8) | M and F, 24 ± 2 (n = 14) | 2.5 | NO bioavailability and endothelin-1 | ↓ Total plasma nitrate/nitrite ↔ Endothelin-1 ↓ Total plasma nitrate/nitrite to endothelin-1 ratio |
| Taylor et al. (24) | M and F, 62 ± 8 (n = 24) | 7 | Endothelin-1 | ↔ Endothelin-1 |
AUC, area under the curve; F, female; FMD, flow-mediated dilation; M, male; PWV, pulse-wave velocity. ↑, increase; ↓, decrease; ↔, no change.