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. 2023 Mar 27;6:333. doi: 10.1038/s42003-023-04704-6

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© This is a U.S. Government work and not under copyright protection in the US; foreign copyright protection may apply 2023

Open Access This article is licensed under a Creative Commons Attribution 4.0 International License, which permits use, sharing, adaptation, distribution and reproduction in any medium or format, as long as you give appropriate credit to the original author(s) and the source, provide a link to the Creative Commons license, and indicate if changes were made. The images or other third party material in this article are included in the article’s Creative Commons license, unless indicated otherwise in a credit line to the material. If material is not included in the article’s Creative Commons license and your intended use is not permitted by statutory regulation or exceeds the permitted use, you will need to obtain permission directly from the copyright holder. To view a copy of this license, visit http://creativecommons.org/licenses/by/4.0/.

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Fig. 1 — Panels show data (points) and model predictions (lines), and 95% bootstrap confidence intervals (shaded bands) for virus protease activity (A, upper panel), three bee traits (B, middle panel), and pupal infection (C, lower panel). Data for larval respiration (red circles and solid line), pupal development (green triangles and dotted line), adult muscle force production (blue squares and dashed line), and brood temperature range (yellow vertical region in infection panel) taken from previous observations^20,24,26,45. In the lower panel, the secondary y-axis indicates the raw sample luminescence (i.e., before transformation to proportion of maximum intensity) and the horizontal line dotted line represents the mean luminescence of n = 16 samples frozen immediately post-injection. To provide a comparable scale for the different measurements, raw values for all traits are shown as proportions of the trait’s peak model-predicted value.