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. 2023 Mar 14;10:1116722. doi: 10.3389/fvets.2023.1116722

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Copyright © 2023 Canelli, Ferrari, Borghetti, Candela, Abiakam, Bianchera, Buttini, Magi, Sonvico, Martelli and Bettini.

This is an open-access article distributed under the terms of the Creative Commons Attribution License (CC BY). The use, distribution or reproduction in other forums is permitted, provided the original author(s) and the copyright owner(s) are credited and that the original publication in this journal is cited, in accordance with accepted academic practice. No use, distribution or reproduction is permitted which does not comply with these terms.

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Histological features of nasal mucosa sections in the IN-vaccinated group, IM-vaccinated group and C group at 2 days and 7 days PV. H&E (100× magnification). IN group: at 2 days PV, epithelium, superficial and deep corium are diffusely infiltrated by lymphocytes, plasma cells and macrophages with superficial edema; at 7 days PV, within superficial corium, a diffuse and dense inflammatory infiltrate composed predominantly by numerous lymphocytes and plasma cells is present. Numerous intraepithelial lymphocytes are visible within epithelium. IM group: at 2 days PV, deep corium is multifocally infiltrated mainly by lymphocytes and plasma cells, while superficial corium is edematous; at 7 days PV, within superficial corium, a periglandular lymphoplasmacytic infiltrate is present; the epithelium is focally eroded. C group: at 2 days PV, within superficial corium, a multifocal lymphoplasmacytic infiltrate is present; at 7 days PV within superficial corium, a low number of lymphocytes and plasma cells surround glands and capillaries. IN, intranasally; IM, intramuscularly; C, control; PV, post-vaccination; H&E, hematoxylin and eosin.