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. 2023 Mar 14;10:1116722. doi: 10.3389/fvets.2023.1116722

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Copyright © 2023 Canelli, Ferrari, Borghetti, Candela, Abiakam, Bianchera, Buttini, Magi, Sonvico, Martelli and Bettini.

This is an open-access article distributed under the terms of the Creative Commons Attribution License (CC BY). The use, distribution or reproduction in other forums is permitted, provided the original author(s) and the copyright owner(s) are credited and that the original publication in this journal is cited, in accordance with accepted academic practice. No use, distribution or reproduction is permitted which does not comply with these terms.

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Histological analysis. Schematic representation of (A) the overall histological score in the control group, IN-vaccinated group (nano-adjuvanted dry powder vaccine) and IM-vaccinated group at 7 days PV; (B) percentage of mucosal involvement, (C) immune cell infiltration and (D) epithelial damage in the control group, IN-vaccinated group and IM-vaccinated group. *p < 0.05; **p < 0.01; ***p < 0.001. IN, intranasally; IM, intramuscularly; PV, post-vaccination.