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. 2023 Mar 14;10:1116722. doi: 10.3389/fvets.2023.1116722

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Copyright © 2023 Canelli, Ferrari, Borghetti, Candela, Abiakam, Bianchera, Buttini, Magi, Sonvico, Martelli and Bettini.

This is an open-access article distributed under the terms of the Creative Commons Attribution License (CC BY). The use, distribution or reproduction in other forums is permitted, provided the original author(s) and the copyright owner(s) are credited and that the original publication in this journal is cited, in accordance with accepted academic practice. No use, distribution or reproduction is permitted which does not comply with these terms.

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Frequencies of (A) CD79α+IgA+ and (B) CD79α+IgG+ B cells in M. hyopneumoniae-stimulated PBMC of IN-vaccinated (nano-adjuvanted dry powder vaccine) and IM-vaccinated piglets. PBMC were recalled in vitro with inactivated M. hyopneumoniae at a ratio of 100 bacterins/cell (~50 μg/ml) for 44 h. The levels are reported after subtraction of the corresponding values in unstimulated cell samples. Asterisks (*) indicate a statistically significant difference between the corresponding treatment group and the control group (p < 0.05). The mean value of the mock-vaccinated control group at 0 days PV (dashed line) was used as reference value for group comparisons throughout the study period. Different superscript letters indicate a statistically significant difference between the two treatment groups (p < 0.05). IN, intranasally; IM, intramuscularly; PV, post-vaccination.