Table 1.
The part of available ferroptosis inducers and inhibitors in liver disease.
| Effector/reagent | Proposed mechanism | Liver disease model | Reference(s) |
|---|---|---|---|
| Ferroptosis inducers | |||
| Ethyl carbamate | Inhibiting GSH synthesis and suppressing Nrf2 activation | Liver cells | (29) |
| Celastrol | Targeting peroxiredoxins and HO-1 | Liver fibrosis | (30) |
| Sorafenib | HIF-1α/SLC7A11 pathway | Liver fibrosis; HCC | (12) |
| Wogonoside | SOCS1/P53/SLC7A11 pathway | Liver fibrosis | (31) |
| Ellagic acid | Impairing the SNARE complexes formation | Liver fibrosis | (32) |
| Dihydroartemisinin | Regulating the m6A of BECN1 mRNA | Liver fibrosis | (13) |
| Acrylamide | Antioxidant imbalance of the XCT-GSH-GPX4 signaling and mitochondrial dysfunction | Liver fibrosis | (33) |
| BECN1 | xCT/GPX4 axis | Liver fibrosis | (34) |
| HBV X protein (HBx) | EZH2 mediated SLC7A11 suppression | Acute liver failure | (35) |
| TRIM26 | SLC7A11 Ubiquitination | Liver fibrosis | (36) |
| Celastrol | Targeting peroxiredoxins and HO-1 | Liver fibrosis | (30) |
| Corosolic acid | Upregulating HERPUD1 | HCC | (37) |
| PCDHB14 | Downregulating the expression of SLC7A11 | HCC | (38) |
| Lenvatinib | Fibroblast growth factor receptor-4 inhibition | HCC | (39) |
| A multifunctional vanadium-iron-oxide nanoparticle | Increasing reactive oxygen species (ROS) | HCC | (40) |
| COMMD10 | Inhibits HIF1α/ ceruloplasmin (CP) loop | HCC | (41) |
| Ketamine | lncRNA PVT1/miR-214-3p/GPX4 | HCC | (42) |
| Dihydroartemisinin | Upregulation of CHAC1 expression | HCC | (43) |
| Promoting the formation of PEBP1/15-LO | (44) | ||
| O-GlcNAcylation | YAP/TFRC pathway | HCC | (45) |
| Quiescin sulfhydryl oxidase 1 | Driving EGFR endosomal trafficking and inhibiting NRF2 activation | HCC | (46) |
| Acid-degradable tumor targeted nanosheets Cu-Hemin-PEG-Lactose acid (Cu-Hemin-PEG-LA) | Consuming intracellular glutathione (GSH) content and increasing the expression of heme oxygenase 1 (HMOX1) protein | HCC | (47) |
| iRGD with sorafenib-loaded iron-based metal-organic framework (MIL-101(Fe)@sor NPs) | Decreasing GPX-4 expression level | HCC | (48) |
| Cascaded copper-based metal-organic framework (MOF) | Modulating glutathione and cyclooxygenase-2 | HCC | (49) |
| Erastin | NEAT1/miR-362-3p/MIOX axis | HCC | (50) |
| RSL3 | GPX4 | HCC | (51) |
| Aspirin | Restricting NF-κB p65-activated SLC7A11 transcription | HCC | (52) |
| Auranofin | TXNRD1 | HCC | (53) |
| Ferroptosis inhibitors | |||
| miR-23a-3p | ETS1/miR-23a-3p/ACSL4 | HCC | (21) |
| C8orf76 | Up-regulating SLC7A11 | HCC | (54) |
| miR-124-3p | Inhibiting prostate six transmembrane epithelial antigen 3 (STEAP3) | Schemia-reperfusion injury in steatotic grafts | (8) |
| miR-29a-3p | Downregulating the expression of Ireb2 | Steatotic liver ischemia-reperfusion injury | (7) |
| miR-222 | Downregulating the expression of TFRC | Liver fibrosis | (55) |
| Bicyclo | Nrf2-GPx4 axis | Acute liver injury | (2) |
| Maresin1 | Nrf2/HO-1/GPX4 | Acute liver injury | (56) |
| Fucoidan | Decreased divalent metal transporter 1 (DMT1) and ferroportin1 (FPN1) expression | Liver injury in rats exposed to alcohol | (57) |
| MCTR1 | Promoting NRF2 expression | Hepatic ischemia-reperfusion injury | (58) |
| Astaxanthin | Nrf2/HO-1 Pathway | Acetaminophen-induced liver injury | (59) |
| 3,4-dihydroxyphenylethyl alcohol glycoside | Inhibiting the expression of ERK, HO-1, NLRP3, Caspase1 (p20) and Gasdermin-D and upregulating the expression of GPX4 | Acetaminophen-induced acute liver failure in mice | (60) |
| PPARα | Directly inducing Gpx4 expression by binding to a PPRE element within intron 3 | Iron overload in mouse liver | (61) |
| Fibroblast growth factor 21 | Inducing HO-1 inhibition and NRF2 activation | Liver injury and fibrosis | (62) |
| Dehydroabietic acid | Keap1/Nrf2-ARE signaling pathway | Non-alcoholic fatty liver disease | (63) |
| Niujiaodihuang detoxify decoction | Enhancing glutathione synthesis | Acute liver failure | (64) |
| G6PD | Targeting cytochrome P450 oxidoreductase | HCC | (65) |
| α-Enolase 1 (ENO1) | Degrading the mRNA of iron regulatory protein 1 | HCC | (66) |
| AdipoR1 | Nrf2/xCT Pathway | HCC | (67) |
| ZNF498 | Attenuating the p53 Ser46 phosphorylation | HCC | (68) |
| ABCC5 | Stabilizing SLC7A11 protein | HCC | (69) |
| Rosigliazone | ACSL4 | Hepatitis; liver Injury; NAFLD; NASH | (70–74) |
| α-tocopherol | Oxidation | ||
| Deferoxamine | Free iron | ||
| Debenone, CoQ10 | CoQ10 | ||
| Selenium | Selenoproteins | ||
| Fer-1 | Free radical | Hemochromatosis, thalassemia; NAFLD; NASH | (75–78) |
| MitoTEMPO | |||
| Enoyl coenzyme A hydratase 1 | Erk signaling pathway | Non-alcoholic steatohepatitis | (79) |
| Thymosin beta 4 | Up-regulating GPX4 | Non-alcoholic fatty liver | (80) |