Table 4.

Adverse drug reactions to antifungals, antimycobacterial agents, and antivirals

Antimicrobial class/agent	Common adverse reactions	Adverse reactions at increased risk in older adults
Echinocandins [139–141]	Nausea, hepatotoxicity, skin rash, phlebitis	–
Triazoles [139–141]	Gastrointestinal intolerance, skin rash, hepatotoxicity	Hepatotoxicity, neurotoxicity
Amphotericin B [141, 192, 194]	Infusion-related reactions, hepatotoxicity, hematological effects, nephrotoxicity	Nephrotoxicity
Flucytosine [141]	Inhibition of the bone marrow, hepatotoxicity	–
Isoniazid [175, 184, 195, 196]	Hepatotoxicity	Hepatotoxicity, neurotoxicity
Rifampin [171, 175, 184]	Red-orange discoloration of urine, tears, and sweat	Nephrotoxicity, hepatotoxicity (association with isoniazid)
Nucleosides/nucleotides excluded reverse transcriptase inhibitors [198–203]	Nephrotoxicity, gastrointestinal intolerance	Neurotoxicity
Derivatives of phosphonic acid [171, 204]	Nephrotoxicity	Nephrotoxicity
Neuraminidase inhibitors [205, 206]	Gastrointestinal intolerance	–
Interferon-α [207, 208]	Influenza-like symptoms, nausea, headache, depression, alopecia	–
Nucleoside/nucleotide reverse transcriptase inhibitors [209, 210]	Mitochondrial toxicity	Nephrotoxicity, bone toxicity
Non-nucleoside reverse transcriptase inhibitors [211, 212]	Dermatologic reactions, hepatotoxicity	–
Protease inhibitors [213, 214]	Hyperlipidemia, lipodystrophy, hyperglycemia, insulin resistance	–