TABLE 2.

Summary of liver organoids modeling primary liver cancer

Species source(s)	Cell sources	Culture system	Applications	Limitations	References
Human	Surgically resected PLC tissues	Matrigel	Identification of potential prognostic biomarkers and therapeutic targets; Patient-specific drug sensitivity testing	Paucity of immune system and stromal components	94–96
Human	Needle biopsies of PLC	Matrigel	Potential attribution to establish patient-specific liver cancer organoid biobank and develop tailored medicine	Poor success rate to establish HCC organoids	97
Human	Surgically resected hepatoblastoma tissues	Matrigel	Medium-throughput drug screening; Individualized drug sensitivity testing	Relatively low yield rate	98
Human	HCC cells, primary fibroblasts, microvascular endothelial cells	Matrigel	Demonstration of the role of nonparenchymal cells to support liver tumor organoids	No further investigation of possible therapeutic target in the signaling pathway to do with nonparenchymal cells	99
Human and mouse	CAFs and PLC cells	Matrigel	Anticancer drug sensitivity testing	Paucity of immune cells in the cocultures	100

Abbreviations: CAF, cancer-associated fibroblast; CC, cholangiocarcinoma; PDX, patient-derived xenograft; PLC, primary liver cancer; TIC, tumor initiating cells.