TABLE 3.

Summary of liver organoids modeling secondary liver cancers

Original tumor sources	Species source	Cell sources	Culture system	Applications	Limitations	References
CRC	Human	CRLM samples	Matrigel	Patient-specific anticancer drug screening	Incomplete recapitulation of CRLM phenotypes	97
CRC and GOC	Human	Liver metastases from CRC and GOC	Matrigel	Anticancer drug sensitivity testing	Restrained experimental scale	98
CRC	Human	CRLM samples	Matrigel	Drug screening; Individualized treatment	Lack of coclinical trails	99
Rectal cancer	Human	Surgically resected initial and recurrent liver metastases from rectal cancer	Matrigel	Spatio-temporal pharmacogenomic analysis; Drug screening	Inconsistent drug response of PDOs and liver metastases	100

Abbreviations: CRC, colorectal carcinoma; CRLM, CRC liver metastases; GOC, gastroesophageal carcinoma; PDO, patient-derived organoid.