Table 2. MOF-Based Sensors for Disease-Associated Human Amyloid-Forming Proteinsa.
| amyloidosis | protein marker | detection method | sensor | detection | linear detection range (nM) | detection limit (nM) | ref |
|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|
| Parkinson’s disease | α-synuclein | ECL | α-syn/MOF-1 | aptamers | 2.43 × 10–6–4.86 × 10–4 | 4.2 × 10–7 | (20) |
| α-syn/MOF-2 | aptamers | 1.36 × 10–6–2.43 × 10–4 | 3.8 × 10–7 | (20) | |||
| Parkinson’s disease | α-synuclein | α-synuclein | Tb-MOF@Pt-Aptamer | aptamers | 10–1–104 | 4 × 10–2 | (84) |
| localized insulin-derived amyloidosis | insulin | ECL-RET | Au@Pb-β-CD-Ab1/chitosan-Ru(bpy)32+-Si NPs-Ab2/K2S2O8 | antibodies | 1.7 × 10–5–1.7 | 7.3 × 10–7 | (86) |
| ECL-RET | UiO-67-Ru(bpy)32+-Ab1/Au@SiO2-Ab2/TPA | antibodies | 4.3 × 10–4–8.6 | 1.7 × 10–4 | (87) | ||
| F | Gd-H3tpta/aptamer/FAM-P | aptamers | up to 1.72 × 103 | 1.2 | (89) | ||
| MS | Mag MOF@Au@HIA | aptamers | 0.9–17 | 0.17 (in vitro); 0.34 (serum) | (90) | ||
| E | calcinated CoNi-ZIF@CoFePBA | aptamers | 1.7 × 10–6–17 | 1.6 × 10–6 | (96) | ||
| medullary thyroid cancer | procalcitonin | ECL | MIL-101(Al):Ru-PEI-Au-Ab1/Fe3O4@PDA-CuxO-Ab2 | antibodies | 3.5 × 10–5–6.9 | 1.24 × 10–5 | (92) |
| ECL | Au-AgCys-HGC-Ab1/Ab2-Au-PTCA@ZIF-67/S2O82– | antibodies | 6.9 × 10–7–6.9 | 2.53 × 10–7 | (91) | ||
| pituitary prolactinoma | prolactin | F | Pr-MOF nanofibers | direct interaction with MOF | up to 8 | 0.01 | (93) |
| hereditary non-neuropathic systemic amyloidosis | lysozyme | E | 493-MOF-BA | aptamers | 3.4 × 10–4–6.8 × 10–2 | 2.4 × 10–4 | (95) |
| ApoA4 amyloidosis | apolipoprotein A4 | E | HRP-Strept-Biotin-Ab-Apo-A4-ABA/ZIF-8@N-Gr/GCE | antibodies | 3.2 × 10–3–6.6 | 1.8 × 10–3 | (91) |
a
E, electrochemical; ECL, electrochemiluminescence; RET, resonance energy transfer; F, fluorescence; MS, mass spectroscopy.