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. 2023 Mar 28;162:114614. doi: 10.1016/j.biopha.2023.114614

Fig. 4.

Fig. 4

(A) Antiviral activity of drugs predicted to covalently bind to Mpro active site for Vero E6 infected with SARS-CoV-2. SARS-CoV-2 replication was quantified by TaqMan RT-PCR. Drug-induced effects on cells was monitored by quantifying LDH release and ATP levels. Data represent the averages of two biological replicates. Error bars, SEM. (B) Validation of antiviral activity of atovaquone, mebendazole, dronedarone, and ouabain by 10 pt curve analysis in Vero E6 and Huh7.5 cells infected with SARS-CoV-2. SARS-CoV-2 replication was quantified by TaqMan RT-PCR. LDH data are duplicated from previous figures. DMSO is shown as a control for effects of vehicle on infection in Huh7.5 cells. Data represent the averages of three biological replicates for Atovaquone "second viral prep" and two replicates for all others. Error bars, SEM. (C) Cells were stained with anti-dsRNA antibody 24 h post-infection. N = 1. B. Huh7.5 cells ectopically expressing ACE2 were treated with one dose of Atovaquone 1 h after infection with SARS-CoV-2. Cells were stained with anti-dsRNA antibody 10 h post-infection. Data are representative of images obtained from 1 (Vero E6) or 2 (Huh7.5) independent experiments. (D) Antiviral activity of atovaquone in Vero E6 cells infected with SARS-CoV-2 under serum-free conditions.