Table 2.

Relevant treatment data extracted.

Included Study	Rewarming method	Time from injury or rewarming to iloprost	Iloprost dose	Iloprost duration	Other medications used	Wound care	HBOT
Groechenig 1994 [21]	-	-	0.5 to 2 ng/kg/min continuous IV	14–42 days	Cortisone LMWH	-	No
Hödl 2005 [38]	-	1 to 9 days from injury	10 to 25 mcg IV daily	3 to 8 weeks	ASA Analgesic Clindamycin Dextran Enoxaparin Flucloxacillin Neuroleptic	Octenisept solution Aspiration of blisters Bacitracin/neomycin powder Strips between digits Cotton bandage Aquacel dressing	No
Roche-Nagle et al. 2008 [39]	-	-	-	-	ASA Antibiotics Heparin NSAIDs	-	No
Imray et al. 2009 [40]	-	5 days from rewarming	-	5 days	-	-	No
Cauchy et al. 2011 [41]	Rapid	< or >12 hours	0.5 to 2 ng/kg/min for 6  hours IV daily	8 days	ASA Alteplase	-	No
Gorjanc et al. 2012 [42]	Rapid	<3 days from injury in majority	1 to 2 ng/kg/min for 6 hours IV daily	5 to 10 days	ASA Amox/clav Dalteparin/enoxaparin Pentoxifylline	-	10 to 30 days
Haik J et al. 2016 [43]	-	1 day from rewarming	2 ng/kg/min for 6 hours IV daily	6 days	ASA Cephalexin Enoxaparin Ibuprofen	Debridement Vaseline gauze Gauze soaked in mafenid acetate	30 sessions
Cauchy et al. 2016 [44]	Rapid	-	-	-	ASA Alteplase (“tPA”; IV)	-	No
Poole & Gauthier 2016 [45]	Passive and rapid	<24 to 48 hours from rewarming	0.5 to 2 ng/kg/min for 6 hours IV daily	5 days	Fentanyl Ibuprofen Morphine	Hydrotherapy whirlpool daily Aspiration of clear blister Low-adherent dressings Topical Aloe vera	No
Lindford et al. 2017 [46]	Rapid	28 hours from injury in 1 case	0.5 to 2 ng/kg/min for 6 hours IV daily	2 to 3 days	ASA Alteplase (IA) Cephalosporin Enoxaparin Opioid analgesia Pantoprazole Papaverine Paracetamol Regional nerve block Simvastatin UFH	Debridement of blisters Polyurethane finger or Silver-based foam dressings	No
Pandey et al. 2018 [47]	Passive	32 to 72 hours from injury	2 to 10 mcg/hour for 6 hours IV daily (per patient weight; titrated up to 2 ng/kg/min)	5 days	ASA Ceftriaxone Cephalexin	Draining of large blisters Non adherent dressing	No
Gorjanc et al. 2018 [48]	-	-	-	-	Amox/clav Enoxaparin Ibuprofen Pantoprazole Pentoxifylline	-	Yes
Irarrazaval et al. 2018 [49]	Rapid	75 hours from injury	2 ng/kg/min for 6 hours IV daily	4 days	ASA Cephalexin Ibuprofen Sildenafil	Daily dressing change	5 days
Jud et al. 2019 [50]	-	-	20 mcg IV daily	10 days	ASA Enoxaparin	Draining of lesions Topical betamethasone	No
Lorenzo-Villalba et al. 2021 [51]	Passive	8 days from injury	n/a	5 days	ASA Bendamustine and rituximab (for Cold Agglutinin Disease)	Evacuation of hematomas	No
Poole et al. 2021 [52]	Passive and rapid	<1 to 55 hours from presentation	2 to 10 mcg/hour for 6 hours IV daily (per patient weight; titrated up to 2 ng/kg/min)	1 to 5 days	Alteplase (IV) Ibuprofen UFH	Daily hydrotherapy Debridement and aspiration of clear blisters Topical aloe vera	No
MacLennan et al. 2021 [53]	-	-	2 to 10 mcg/hour for 6 hours IV daily	5 days	-	-	No
Magnan et al. 2021 [54]	Rapid	<6 to 72 hours (majority 12 to 48 hours) from injury	8 to 10 mcg/hour for 6 hours IV daily	7 days	ASA Amox/clav	Topical hyaluronic acid daily	14 sessions
Magnan et al. 2022 [55]	Passive	70 hours from injury	10 mcg/hour for 6 hours IV daily	7 days	ASA Amox/clav Heparin	Daily warm bath/betadine Bandage with hyaluronic acid Early physiotherapy	30 sessions
Crooks et al. 2022 [56]	-	<12 to >72 hours (majority<12 hours) from injury to presentation	2 to 10 mcg/hour for 6 hours IV daily (maximum 50 mcg/day)	5 days	ASA Alteplase IV/IA (Grade 4) Antibiotics Ibuprofen Nitroglycerin UFH (Grade 4)	-	No

“HBOT” = Hyperbaric Oxygen Therapy, “-” = information not available, “IV” = intravenous, “IA” = intra-arterial, “ASA” = Acetylsalicylic acid.

“Amox/clav” = Amoxicillin/clavulanic acid, “LMWH” = Low Molecular Weight Heparin”, “UFH” = Unfractionated heparin.