Table 4.
Factors associated with advanced cervical cancer (FIGO stage: III or IV), Côte d’Ivoire, 2019, (n = 95)
| Cancer Stage at diagnosis | ||||||
|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|
| Early stage (I/II) | Advanced stage (III/IV) | Unadjusted OR (95% CI) | P value | Adjusted OR (95% CI) |
P value | |
| Factors | n/N | n/N | ||||
| Age group (years) | 0.36 | |||||
| <40 | 5/17 | 12/17 | 1 | |||
| 40–59 | 18/55 | 37/55 | 0.8 [0.2–2.8] | |||
| ≥60 | 4/23 | 19/23 | 2.0 [0.4–8.9] | |||
| Education level | ||||||
| None | 11/44 | 33/44 | 1 | 0.70 | ||
| Primary | 8/28 | 20/28 | 0.8 [0.3–2.4] | |||
| Secondary and over | 8/23 | 15/23 | 0.6 [0.2–1.9] | |||
| Marital status | 0.32 | |||||
| Married | 12/34 | 22/34 | 1 | |||
| Living with partner | 6/18 | 12/18 | 1.1 [0.3–3.6] | |||
| Widowed or single or divorced | 9/43 | 34/43 | 2.0 [0.7–5.7] | |||
| Occupation | ||||||
| Employed | 17/56 | 39/56 | 1 | |||
| Unemployed | 10/39 | 29/39 | 1.2 [0.51–3.16] | 0.61 | ||
| Place of living | ||||||
| Abidjan | 10/41 | 31/41 | 1 | |||
| Other cities$ | 17/54 | 37/54 | 0.7 [0.3–1.7] | 0.44 | ||
| Menopause | ||||||
| No | 15/36 | 21/36 | 1 | |||
| Yes | 12/59 | 44/59 | 2.8 [1.1–7.0] | 0.02 | - | - |
| HIV Status | ||||||
| Positive | 9/18 | 9/18 | 1 | 1 | ||
| Negative | 18/77 | 59/77 | 3.3 [1.1–9.5] | 0.02 | 5.4 [1.6–17.7] | 0.006 |
| Health insurance coverage | ||||||
| Yes | 6/9 | 3/9 | 1 | 1 | ||
| No | 21/86 | 65/86 | 6.2 [1.4–26.9] | 0.01 | 13.1[2.0–85.5] | 0.007 |
| Prior Knowledge of cervical cancer™ | ||||||
| Yes | 19/51 | 32/51 | 1 | 1 | ||
| No | 8/44 | 36/44 | 2.7 [1.0–6.9] | 0.04 | 2.1 [0.7–6.3] | 0.16* |
| Use traditional healers © | ||||||
| No | 22/63 | 51/63 | 1 | |||
| Yes | 5/32 | 27/32 | 2.9 [1.0–8.5] | 0.05 | - | - |
| Access to specialized facilities ¥ | ||||||
| Reference | 25/76 | 51/76 | 1 | 1 | ||
| Directly | 2/19 | 17/19 | 4.2 [0.9–19.4] | 0.07 | 7.1 [1.1–44.0] | 0.01 |
| Number of pre-diagnosis visits | ||||||
| <3 | 9/33 | 24/33 | 1 | |||
| ≥3 | 18/62 | 44/62 | 0.9 [0.3–2.3] | 0.85 | ||
| Histological subtypes | ||||||
| Adenocarcinoma | 1/9 | 8/9 | 1 | |||
| Squamous cell carcinoma | 26/86 | 60/86 | 0.3 [0.03–2.4] | 0.25 | ||
| Total time interval ® | ||||||
| <180 | 10/40 | 30/40 | 1 | |||
| ≥180 | 17/55 | 38/55 | 0.7 [0.3–1.8] | 0.52 | ||
Bold typeface indicates statistically significant values
*Confounding factor with HIV status and Health insurance coverage
Notes: $, people who lived in other districts of Côte d’Ivoire except Abidjan; ™, Prior knowledge of CC before disease onset; ©, Use of traditionals healthworkers after recognition of early symptoms; ¥, How women get access to specialized facilities; ®, time between the first symptoms and the histological diagnosis of cancer.
Abbreviations: OR- Odds ratio; CI- Confidence Interval