Table 1.

Populations, exposures, comparators, and outcomes (PECO) statement.

PECO Element	Evidence
Populations	Any human, animal (whole organism including experimental and observational studies), or ex vivo/in vitro models utilizing organs, tissues, cell lines, or cellular components (e.g. cell-free receptor binding assays).
Exposures	Exposure to at least one of the PFAS or the associated salts listed in Supplementary Table 5. Exposures may include, for example: biomarkers of exposure, modeling of potential exposures, administered exposures and/or environmental exposures. Mixtures of PFAS exposures are also considered for review. There are no limitations on the timing, route, level, or determination of estimated exposure.
Comparators	Humans, animals, organs, tissues, cell lines, or cellular components exposed to any level of a PFAS, (lower or highly exposed subjects or treatment groups) or vehicle-only treatment.
Outcomes	Any outcome or type of biological response related to inflammation, immunosuppression, or other immunotoxicities.