Fig. 5. (a) TEM image of long-circulating liposome (LCL) co-encapsulating doxorubicin (DOX) and curcumin (CURC).¹⁰¹ In the case of DOX, 55% of the release was observed in liposome formulation after 24 h. In the case of CURC, the release from the liposome was faster than the solution, and 20% was released after 24 h. (b) TEM images and drug release behavior graphs of multilayered liposomes co-encapsulating docetaxel (DOC) and palmitoyl ascorbate (PA).¹⁰² The DOC solution showed a rapid release, but DOC liposome and DOC-PA-liposome exhibited sustained release behavior. The results confirmed that the drug release rate can be controlled by PA addition. (c) Mechanism of ionizing cationic liposomes at different pH levels.¹¹⁰ In physiological pH, it is neutral; in acidic environments, an ionizing lipid becomes a cationic liposome. (d) The process by which mRNA is encapsulated into liposomes produces a protein.¹¹¹ After entering the cytoplasm by endocytosis, mRNA is released to the outside of the liposome; it undergoes transcription and translation to produce target proteins. (e) Cationic nanoemulsion (CNE) complexed with self-amplifying mRNA (SAM).¹¹² Binding of SAM to CNE maintained the long loading of mRNA by cationic lipids and improved the delivery capacity.