Table 2.
Studies carried out to synthesize metal oxide nanoparticles from Asteraceae family and their biological applications.
| Plant | Part Used | Solvent Used | Extraction Method | Phytochemicals | Characterization Techniques | SPR Peak (nm) | Nanoparticle Size (nm) | Activity | References |
|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|
| Zinc oxide NPs | |||||||||
| Arctium lappa | Whole plant | DDW | Heating and stirring | Polyacetylenes, arctinol, arctinal, arctinon, guaiane lactones, lignans, flavonoids, phenolic acids, inulin phytosterols, essential oil potassium, magnesium, and calcium salts, sesquiterpene bitter | UV, SEM, TEM, FTIR, and AFM | 350 | 10 to 40 | Cytotoxic activity | [94] |
| Artemisia annua | Whole plant | - | Heating and stirring | - | UV, FTIR, XRD, and TEM | 330 | 20 | Cytotoxic activity | [113] |
| Artemisia pallens | Whole plant | DDW | Distillation | - | UV, FTIR, XRD, SEM, and TEM | 370 | 50–100 | Antimicrobial activity | [114] |
| Artemisia scoparia | Whole plant | - | - | - | UV, FT-IR, XRD, TEM, FESEM, EDX, DLS, and zeta potential | 370 | 9.00 ± 4.00 | Anticancer activity | [115] |
| Cynara scolymus | Leaf | DW | Boiling | Phenolics acids, bitter sesquiterpenes lactones, and flavonoids | UV, FTIR, SEM, TEM, EDXA, and XRD | 371 | 65 | Antimicrobial, antiproliferative, and photocatalytic activity | [116] |
| Dicoma anomala | - | - | - | Alkaloids, flavonoids, tannins, and saponins | UV–Vis, TEM, FTIR, EDS, and XRD | 386 | - | Antidiabetic activity | [117] |
| Dittrichia graveolens | Whole plant | - | - | - | UV–Vis, FTIR, and FESEM | 285–320 | 100 | - | [118] |
| Echinacea angustifolia | Flower | DW | Heating and stirring | Flavonoids, phenolics, flavones, and terpenoids | UV–Vis, FTIR, and SEM | 368 | 90–170 | Antibacterial activity | [97] |
| Lactuca sativa | Whole plant | - | - | - | SEM, zeta potential, and DLS | - | 90 | - | [119] |
| Parthenium hysterophorus | Leaf | DDW | Heating | - | UV–Vis, SEM, TEM, and SEM-EDX, | 400 | 16–45 | Antibacterial activity | [120] |
| Saussurea lappa | Root | Methanol | Soaking | - | UV–Vis, FTIR, XRD, FESEM, and EDX | 430 | 26 ± 1 | Cytotoxic, antibacterial, and antifungal activities | [121] |
| Silybum marianum | Whole plant | DW | Heating and stirring | Polyphenols and flavonoids | UV–Vis, FTIR, XRD, HRSEM, and HRTEM | 374 | 25 | Antibacterial, antifungal, cytotoxicity, antileishmanial, antioxidant, and enzyme inhibition activity. | [122] |
| Tagetes erecta | Flower | - | - | Alkaloids, flavonoids, carbohydrates, amino acids, tannins, and proteins | UV, XRD, and SEM | 364.15 | 30–50 | Antioxidant, antimicrobial, and cytotoxic activities | [123] |
| Tithonia diversifolia | Leaf | DDW | Heating and stirring | Flavonoid, tannin, glycoside, alkaloids, saponin, steroids, and phenol. | UV–Vis, FTIR, XRD, SEM, EDX, and TEM | 385 | 9.83–28.85 | Dye degradation activity | [124] |
| Tragopogon collinus | Leaf | Ethanol | Boiling | Phenols | UV–Vis, TEM, XRD, and FT-IR | 369 | 21 | Antibacterial activity | [125] |
| Vernonia amygdalina | Leaf | Ethanol | Heating and stirring | - | UV–Vis, SEM, FTIR, XRD, and EDX | 347 | 9.5 | - | [126] |
| Zinnia elegans | Seed | - | - | - | UV–Vis, and DLS | 350 | 82.6 | Antioxidant activity | [93] |
| Iron Oxide NPs | |||||||||
| Ageratum conyzoides | Whole | DW | Boiling | Phenols and flavonoids | UV–Vis, FTIR, XRD, SEM, and SEM-EDX | 390 | 85.9 | Antimicrobial and photocatalytic activity | [8] |
| Artemisia vulgaris | Leaf | DiW | Heating | - | TEM, PSA, XRD, FTIR, VSM, and TGA | - | 30 | Photocatalytic degradation activity | [127] |
| Bidens pilosa | Leaf | DW | Heating | Phenols and flavonoids | UV–Vis, FTIR, EDXRF, XRD, and SEM | 288 | - | Photocatalytic degradation activity | [128] |
| Centaurea cyanus | Whole | DDW | Heating | Polyphenols, phenols, and flavonoids | XRD, BET, FTIR, and FE-SEM | - | 24 | Photocatalytic degradation activity | [129] |
| Galinsoga parviflora | Leaf | DW | Heating | Phenols and flavonoids | UV–Vis, FTIR, EDXRF, XRD, and SEM | 267 | - | Photocatalytic degradation activity | [128] |
| Mikania mikrantha | Leaf | DDW | Boiling | - | UV–Vis, XRD, SEM, TEM, and FTIR | - | 20.27 | Antimicrobial activity | [130] |
| Stevia | Whole | DiW | - | - | XRD, FESEM, HRTEM, TGA, XPS, VSM, and zeta potential | - | 20 | Antioxidant activity | [131] |
| Vernonia amygdalina | Leaf | DiW | Boiling | - | UV, FTIR, XRD, and SEM | 396 | - | - | [132] |
| Wedelia urticifolia | Leaf | DDW | Heating | - | UV, FTIR, XRD, TEM, and PPMS. | 320 | 70 | Photocatalytic degradation activity | [133] |
| Copper Oxide NPs | |||||||||
| Acanthospermum hispidum | Leaf | DiW | Reflux | Coumarins, tannins, saponins, phenols, flavonoids, sterols, and volatile oils | FESEM, EDX, TEM, XRD, and FTIR | - | 9–21 | Antimicrobial, antimalarial and antimycobacterial activity | [134] |
| Anthemis nobilis | Flower | DDW | Reflux | Luteolin-7-O-glucoside, apigenin-7-O-apioglucoside, and apigenin-7-O-glucoside. | UV–Vis, SEM, EDS, XRD, and FTIR | 250 | - | Catalytic activity | [135] |
| Eupatorium odoratum | Leaf | DW | Boiling | Flavonoids, phenolic compounds, and triterpenoids | UV–Vis, FTIR, XRD, SEM, TEM, and EDAX | 211 and 305 | - | Antibacterial activity | [136] |
| Titanium oxide NPs | |||||||||
| Ageratina altissima | Leaf | DDW | Boiling | - | UV–Vis, FTIR, XRD, and FESEM | 332 | 60–100 | Photocatalytic degradation activity | [137] |
| Echinacea purpurea | Whole plant | DDW | Boiling | Alkamides, cichroic acid, and polysaccharides | UV–Vis, SEM, TXRF, and FTIR | 280 | 120 | - | [138] |
| Sonchus asper | Leaf | DW | Soxhlet | - | XRD, FTIR, and FESEM | - | 9–15 | Antimicrobial activity | [139] |
| Nickel oxide NPs | |||||||||
| Ageratum conyzoides | Leaf | Methanol | Maceration | Alkaloids, tannins, phenols, saponin, and flavonoids | UV–Vis, FTIR, particle size, XRD, and TEM | 324 | 8–15 | Photocatalytic activity | [140] |
| Tagetes erecta | Leaf | DDW | Boiling | Flavonoids and phenols | XRD, SEM-EDX, TEM, and XPS | 266–285 | 18.2 | Photocatalytic, electrochemical sensing, and antibacterial activity | [141] |
| Cobalt Oxide NPs | |||||||||
| Taraxacum Officinale | Leaf | DiW | Soaking | Flavonoids and phenols | UV–Vis, FTIR, SEM, and TEM | 319 | 50–100 | Catalytic activity | [142] |
| Magnesium oxide NPs | |||||||||
| Artemisia abrotanum | Whole plant | DW | Magnetic stirring | Polyphenols, flavonoids (aglycones and glycosylates), and hydroxycinnamic derivatives | UV–Vis, FTIR, XRD, SEM, and TEM | 300 | 10 | Antioxidant and photocatalytic activity | [143] |
| Chromolaena odorata | Leaf | DiW | Water bath | Alkaloids, flavonoids, tannins, and other phenolic compounds | UV–Vis, FTIR, SEM, EDX, TEM, XRD, TGA, and DTA | 270 | 12.3 | Antimicrobial and catalytic activity | [144] |
| Saussurea costus | Root | Methanol | Reflux | Sesquiterpenes, alkaloid, triterpenes, lignans, and tannins | UV–Vis, FTIR, XRD, SEM, zeta potential, and DLS | 250 and 320 | 34 | Antimicrobial, anticancer, and photocatalytic activity | [145] |
Note: UV–Vis: UV–Visible spectrophotometry; SEM: scanning electron microscopy; TEM: transmission electron microscopy; HRTEM: high resolution transmission electron microscopy; STEM: scanning transmission electron microscopy; SAED: selected area electron diffraction; XRD:X-ray crystallography; EDAX: energy dispersive X-ray analysis; DT-TGA: differential thermo gravimetric analysis; FTIR: Fourier transform infrared spectroscopy; TGA: thermal gravimetric analysis; DSC: differential scanning calorimetry; DTA: differential thermal analysis; TXRF: total reflection X-ray fluorescence; PPMS: physical property measurement system; VSM: vibrating sample temperature; EDXRF: energy dispersive X-ray fluorescence; BET: Brunau–Emmet–Teller analysis; XPS: X-ray photoelectron spectroscopy; AFM: atomic force microscopy; DLS: dynamic light scattering method; nm: nanometer; DW: distilled water; DDW: double distilled water; DiW: deionized water; SPR: surface plasmon resonance—: not available.