Background Factors
Client factors	Including whether they have pet insurance, health literacy, attitudes, behaviour in consultation
Veterinarian’s clinical experience and confidence	Include communication skills
Veterinarian’s attitudes to antimicrobial use and AMR	How concerned do they feel?
Habits
Veterinarians’ workload, energy, time
Workplace factors	Including culture, policies and procedures, location
Other
Behavioural beliefs
Fear of clinical deterioration	Include downstream consequences
Fear of failing to meet client expectations	Include downstream consequences
Perceived impact of withholding antimicrobials	Will it make a difference?
Time and workflow issues	What are the alternatives to giving antimicrobials in this situation? What is the work impact of that?
Normative beliefs
Employer and colleagues	Expectations regarding antimicrobial use, contribution to practice profit, etc.
Pet owner	E.g., pre-existing expectations of receiving antimicrobials, awareness of AMR
Veterinary Board	Potential for complaints and professional reprimand
Other	Undergraduate lecturers, etc.
Control beliefs
Availability of non-antibiotic treatment options	e.g., probiotics
Client factors	Including capacity to undertake non-antimicrobial therapy, or to competently ‘watch and wait’
Diagnostic uncertainty and action bias	Feeling that you need to ‘do something’ even if you don’t know what you’re treating
Time pressure	Include availability of para-veterinary staff
Veterinarians’ suggestions for improving antimicrobial use
Veterinarian education and training	Webinars on antimicrobial use, communication skills
Para-veterinary staff education and training	Avoid setting client expectations of antimicrobials, enable non-antimicrobial treatment options
Client education	Improved understanding of AMR
Workplace culture
Informational resources	Prescribing guidelines, webinars, other
Audit and sanctions