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. 2023 Mar 6;12(3):521. doi: 10.3390/antibiotics12030521

Table 3.

Structure and process indicators for HAI prevention in ICUs [76].

Structure and Process Indicators
Hand hygiene
  • -

    Alcohol hand rub consumption during the previous year in the ICU.
ICU staffing
  • -

    Registered nurse-to-patient ratio and nursing assistant-to-patient ratio.
Antimicrobial stewardship
  • -

    Systematic review of prescribed antimicrobials within 72 h.
Prevention of VPA
  • -

    Endotracheal cuff pressure controlled and/or corrected at least twice a day.

  • -

    Oral decontamination using oral antiseptics at least twice a day.

  • -

    Position of the patient not supine (direct observation).
Prevention of CLABSI
  • -

    Catheter site dressing is not damp, loose, or visibly soiled (direct observation)

ICU: intensive care unit; VPA: ventilator-associated pneumonia; CLABSI: central-line-associated bloodstream infection.