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. 2023 Mar 13;12(3):563. doi: 10.3390/antibiotics12030563

Table 1.

A comparison between the main findings of LF-1 previously reported and those obtained in this study.

The Main Findings Reported Previously [19,20] The Main Findings Reported in This Study

  • LF-1 showed antibacterial activity against S. mutans with MIC of 8 μmol/L and MBC of 16 μmol/L

  • LF-1 showed rapid killing kinetics and eradicated S. mutans at 16 μmol/L within 60 min.

  • LF-1 inhibited S. mutans biofilm formation with MBIC90 of 8 μmol/L.

  • LF-1 reduced the bacterial content in 1-d preformed S. mutans biofilm starting at an effective concentration of 8 μmol/L.

  • 32 μmol/L LF-1 treatment exerted significant anticaries effects in vivo.

  • A higher concentration (64 μmol/L) of LF-1 induced intensively destructive effects on the membrane and intracellular structure of S. mutans.

  • A lower concentration (16 μmol/L) of LF-1 triggered the S.mutans membrane to form a mesosome-like structure.

  • LF-1 displayed selective antibacterial activity against S. mutans compared with other oral streptococci (S. sanguinis and S. gordonii).

  • S. mutans exhibited an apparent capacity to adsorb LF-1.

  • LF-1 induces stronger cell membrane disruption in S. mutans than in the other oral streptococci.

  • LF-1 displayed favourable stability in the conventional solutions, including DDW, PBS, and HEPES.

  • LF-1 displayed low haemolytic toxicity and cytotoxicity under 64 μmol/L.

  • LF-1 displayed satisfactory biocompatibility in the rodent model.

  • LF-1 at 2 μmol/L interfered with the cell viability of planktonic S. mutans within 6 h.

  • LF-1 inhibited the acidogenicity of planktonic S. mutans in a concentration-dependent manner, which reduced lactic acid production in S. mutans, delayed the glycolytic pH drop in the culture medium, and decreased the LDH activity of S. mutans.

  • LF-1 inhibited the aciduricity of planktonic S. mutans in a concentration-dependent manner, which reduced the survival of S. mutans in a lethal acidic environment and suppressed the F-ATPase activity.

  • The surface attached S. mutans was significantly reduced when treated with LF-1 for 30 and 60 min.

  • LF-1 at 4 and 8 μmol/L inhibited S. mutans biofilm formation with reduced insoluble EPS synthesis.

  • LF-1 at 2 μmol/L retard the lactic acid production in the S. mutans biofilm.

  • LF-1 altered the ultrastructural morphology of the S. mutans biofilm with an impaired structure accompanied by a visually reduced extracellular matrix and bacteria.

  • LF-1 downregulated the S. mutans virulence-associated gene expression.

  • Remarkably, 2 μmol/L is a critical concentration for LF-1 to effectively inhibit the cariogenic capacity of S. mutans.

Abbreviations: MIC, minimum inhibitory concentration; MBC, minimum bactericidal concentration; MBIC90, the minimal peptide concentration to inhibit ≥ 90% biofilm formation; DDW, distilled deionised water; PBS, phosphate-buffered saline; HEPES, 4-(2-hydroxyethyl)-1-piperazineethanesulfonic acid; LDH, lactate dehydrogenase; EPS, exopolysaccharide.