Fig. 2.

Transcriptional regulation of APOBEC3 Genes. NF-κB signaling is a shared pathway for endogenous and exogenous APOBEC3 triggers. To induce APOBEC3s, NF-κB signaling acts directly via transcription of APOBEC3s and indirectly through the transcription of other inflammatory mediators. Key inflammatory mediators include interferons, TNF-α, and IL-6, which can drive APOBEC3 transcription through NF-κB and JAK/STAT signaling. Additionally, replication stress can activate NF-κB signaling via PI3K/Akt to promote APOBEC3 expression