Table 2.
Odds Ratio (and confidence intervals) for metabolic syndrome according to total coffee consumption.
| Coffee Consumption | ||||||
|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|
| <1 Cup/Month | ≥1 Cup/Month–<1 Cups/Day | ≥1 Cup/Day–<4 Cups/Day | ≥4 Cups/Day | P for Trend | Per +1 Cup/Day | |
| Cases/N | 48/1312 | 82/2184 | 247/5983 | 21/376 | ||
| Crude Model | 1 (ref) | 1.03 (0.71–1.47) |
1.13 (0.82–1.55) |
1.53 (0.90–2.58) |
0.115 | 1.07 (0.99–1.15) |
| Age- and sex-adjusted model | 1 (ref) | 0.92 (0.63–1.34) |
0.88 (0.64–1.22) |
1.04 (0.61–1.79) |
0.833 | 1.00 (0.93–1.09) |
| Multivariable Adjusted Model | 1 (ref) | 0.79 (0.53–1.16) |
0.71 (0.50–0.99) |
0.73 (0.42–1.29) |
0.147 | 0.94 (0.87–1.03) |
1: adjusted for sex, age, years at university, hours of watching TV (continuous), smoking (three categories), pack-years of smoking (continuous), body mass index (continuous), physical activity (quartiles), total energy intake (continuous), adherence to the Mediterranean diet (continuous), added sugar to beverages, prevalent depression, siesta (three categories), alcohol intake (three categories), and family history of diabetes. Abbreviations: N = total number within the category. Results were obtained from logistic regression models. p values < 0.05 were deemed statistically significant.