Table 3.
Odds Ratio (and confidence intervals) for metabolic syndrome according to caffeinated coffee consumption.
| Caffeinated Coffee Consumption | |||||
|---|---|---|---|---|---|
| <1 Cup/Month | ≥1 Cup/Month–<1 Cups/Day | ≥1 Cup/Day–<4 Cups/Day | ≥4 Cups/Day | P for Trend | |
| Cases/N | 90/2290 | 65/1904 | 226/5342 | 17/319 | |
| Crude Model | 1 (ref) | 0.87 (0.63–1.20) |
1.08 (0.84–1.38) |
1.36 (0.80–2.31) |
0.119 |
| Age- and sex-adjusted model | 1 (ref) | 0.81 (0.58–1.14) |
0.92 (0.71–1.19) |
1.00 (0.58–1.73) |
0.903 |
| Multivariable Adjusted Model | 1 (ref) | 0.73 (0.53–1.04) |
0.78 (0.59–1.02) |
0.75 (0.43–1.33) |
0.274 |
1: adjusted for sex, age, years at university, hours of watching TV (continuous), smoking (three categories), pack-years of smoking (continuous), body-mass index (continuous), physical activity (quartiles), total energy intake (continuous), adherence to the Mediterranean diet (continuous), added sugar to beverages, prevalent depression, siesta (three categories), alcohol intake (three categories), a family history of diabetes, and decaffeinated coffee consumption (three categories). Abbreviations: N = total number within the category. Results were obtained from logistic regression models. p values < 0.05 were deemed as statistically significant.