Table 1.
Lasers in endodontics.
| Laser Device | Wavelength | Characteristics | Application | Reference |
|---|---|---|---|---|
| Er:YAG laser | 2940 nm | (1) Easily absorbed into hydroxyapatite crystals (2) Water evaporation results in small degrees of heating and micro-explosions (3) Ablation and hard tissue removal |
(1) Root canal treatment (2) Pulpotomy |
[9,10,11,12,13] |
| Er,Cr:YSGG laser | 2780 nm | (1) Similar to Er:YAG lasers (2) Almost no heat and also high cutting efficiency with water sprays |
Similar to Er:YAG laser | [14] |
| Nd:YAG laser | 1064 nm | (1) Energy scattering and penetration in adjacent biological tissues | (1) Root canal irrigation | [15,16] |
| Nd:YAP laser | 1340 nm | (1) Easily absorbed into dark materials, metals, and water (2) Transfers energy into curved root canals |
(1) Eliminates the smear layer on root canal walls | [17,18] |
| CO2 laser | 10,600 nm | (1) Easily absorbed by enamel and dentin (2) Hemostasis |
(1) Widely used in medicine and dentistry such as direct pulp capping | [19,20] |
| Diode laser | 810–980 nm | (1) Great penetration (2) Works on the microorganisms inside dentinal tubules |
(1) Eliminates the microorganisms in root canals (2) Reduces post-operative endodontic pain |
[4,21,22] |