Figure 3.

Molecular effects of hydrogen in living organisms. The figure shows some of the proposed mechanisms by which the main effects of hydrogen are mediated on the molecular and cellular level. The brown links represent shifts in regulatory molecules that lead to the development of specific cellular effects (indicated by green blocks). Abbreviations: MAPK–mitogen-activated protein kinase, HO–heme oxygenase, TNF–tumor necrosis factor, SOD–superoxide dismutase, MPO–myeloperoxidase, NOS–nitric oxide synthase (inducible–iNOS; endothelial–eNOS), GPx–glutathione peroxidase, Cas–caspase, HMGB1-high-mobility group protein B1, NLRP–Nucleotide-binding oligomerization domain, Th–T-cytotoxic lymphocyte.