Table 3.

Summary of evidence from studies performed in human subjects regarding the Perilla frutescens antioxidant and hypolipemiant effects.

Main Outcome(s)	Number of Patients	Compound	Dose	Time-Frame	Results	Reference
LDL oxidation and antioxidant enzyme expression	8 healthy female volunteers	Red Perilla frutescens extract	120 mL single dose	Plasma at baseline, 30 min, 1, 2, and 4 h	-longer LDL oxidation lag times -lowered lipid peroxide formation, and the electrophoretic mobility of LDL	[38]
Mental function, fatty acid profile, biological antioxidant potential	32 healthy elderly volunteers (17 women, and 15 men)	Perilla frutescens seeds oil (PO) Anredera cordifolia (AC) leaf powder	PO: 1.47 mL q.d. PO + AC: 1.47 mL of PO and 1.12 g of AC	Baseline, and at 12 months	-higher cognitive index scores (POAC) -increased ALA and eicosapentaenoic acid levels, serum biological antioxidant potential (POAC) -hypolipemiant effect	[87]
Cognitive function	49 healthy elderly (24 men and 25 women)	Perilla frutescens seeds oil (PO) Nobiletin-rich air-dried immature ponkan powder (PP)	PO: 1.47 mL (0.88 g of ALA) q.d. PO + PP: 1.47 mL of PO and 1.12 g ponkan powder (2.91 mg of nobiletin)	Baseline, and at 12 months	-higher cognitive index scores (POPP) -increases in ALA, docosahexaenoic acid, BDNF levels -increase pf biological antioxidant potential	[88]
Biological Antioxidant Potential	PO group (n = 42 patients) Control group (n = 33 patients)	Perilla frutescens seeds oil (PO)	PO: 7.0 mL of PO q.d. Control: 7.0 mL of canola oil q.d.	Baseline, and at 12 months	-increased biological antioxidant potential and α-linolenic acid levels (PO) -improved cognitive function (PO group).	[89]
Mental condition	PO group (n = 38 patients) Placebo group (n = 37 patients)	Perilla frutescens seeds oil (PO)	PO: 7.0 mL of PO q.d. Control: 7.0 mL of olive oil q.d.	Baseline, and at 12 months	-reduced depression and apathy scores (PO) -decreased norepinephrine and serotonin levels (PO).	[71]