Table 2.
Studies on human samples included in the systematic review.
| Subjects | Reaction Conditions and Sample Type | Vitamin D2 EM Supplementation and Species | Vitamin D Nonclassic Effects | Vitamin D Classic Effects | Reference |
|---|---|---|---|---|---|
| N = 436 (healthy, ≥60 years old, M-F) |
6 months freeze-dried, powder and capsuled, UVB Lamp | 600 IU/die, Agaricus bisporus | No benefit on cognitive functions and mood | Increase in 25(OH)D2. Decline in total 25(OHD). Such decline was observed to be less negative and slower in the D2 arm (EM) than controls. | [38] |
| N = 36 (pre-diabetic, BMI < 25, vitamin D-deficient adults, 49 ± 12 years old, M-F) |
4 months fresh sliced cooked mushrooms, UVB Lamp |
arm 1: 600 IU/die arm 2: 4000 IU/die Agaricus bisporus |
No positive or significant results on metabolic syndrome markers | Modest, but significant increase in serum 25(OH)D2 over time. The amount of 25(OH)D3 and total 25(OH)D remained unchanged. | [39] |
| N = 40 (healthy adults, 20–50 years old, M-F) |
6 weeks fresh sliced cooked mushrooms cooked mushrooms, UVB Lamp |
25 µg ergocalciferol/die arm 1: 8.8 µg/die arm 2: 17.1 µg/die Agaricus bisporus |
Not studied by the authors | Increase in serum 25(OH)D2 in both arms, which was correlated to the treatment. No influence of any arm treatment on total 25(OH)D while 25(OH)D3 levels declined. | [40] |
| N = 33 (athletes students with serum 25(OH)D less than 30 ng/mL, 16.2 ± 0.19 years old) | 6 weeks powder and capsuled, UVB Lamp |
600 IU/die Agaricus bisporus |
No positive results muscle system/function, exercise-induced muscle damage or DOMS | Increase in either 25(OH)D2 or total 25(OH)D. Levels of 25(OH)D3 decreased. |
[41] |
| N = 90 (healthy adults 40–65 years old, M-F) | 4 weeks Freeze-dried, powder, UVB Lamp |
600 IU/die Agaricus bisporus |
Significant decrease in Plasminogen activator inhibitor-1 (PAI-1) | No significant changes in total 25(OH)D and 25(OH)D3 values. Increase in 25(OH)D2 levels. | [42] |
| N = 28 (healthy athlete professional pilots, age not declared, M) | 6 weeks powdered, hot dried, UVB Lamp |
3800 IU/die Agaricus bisporus |
No influence on muscle system/function, exercise-induced muscle damage or DOMS and negative effects on their markers such as CK, LDH, serum myoglobin and DOMS as well as amplified exercise-induced muscle damage (EIMD) | No significant change in total 25(OH)D values, but significant increase in serum 25(OH)D2 levels and a significant decrease in serum 25(OH)D3 levels. | [43] |