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. 2023 Mar 3;12(3):632. doi: 10.3390/antiox12030632

Figure 2.

Figure 2

A number of environmental and chemical factors, including carcinogens, UV radiation, hypoxia, growth, and mitochondrial dysfunction can contribute to the formation of reactive oxygen species (ROS). ROS can then oxidize DNA and lipids or lead to oncogene upregulation, causing a normal cell to transform into an initiated cancer cell.