Table 1.

Small molecules and biologics with their targets, modes of administration, and clinical trial status.

Class	Drug	Target	Route of Administration	Clinical Trial UC CD
JAK	Tofacitinib	JAK1/JAK3	Oral	FDA Approved	Phase IIb
	Filgotinib	JAK1	Oral	Phase III	Phase III
	Upadacitinib	JAK1	Oral	FDA Approved	Phase III
	Izencitinib	JAK1	Oral	Phase IIb
	Peficitinib	JAK1	Oral	Phase IIb
	Ritlecitinib	JAK1	Oral	Umbrella Study
JAK/TYK2	Brepocitinib	TYK2/JAK1	Oral	Umbrella Study
PDE	Apremilast	PDE4	Oral	Phase II
Anti-IL-23	Risankizumab	IL23/p19 subunit	IV or SC	Phase III	Phase III
	Brazikumab	IL23/p19 subunit	IV or SC	Phase II/OLE	Phase IIb/III
	Mirikizumab	IL23/p19 subunit	IV or SC	Phase II
	Guselkumab	IL23/p19 subunit	IV or SC	Phase IIb/III	Phase II/III
Anti-adhesion Molecules	Etrolizumab	α4β7 integrin	SC	Phase I	Phase I
	PN-943	α4β7 integrin	Oral	Phase I
	Vedolizumab	α4β7 integrin	IV	Phase IV	Phase IV
	AJM300	α4 integrin	Oral	Phase III	Phase III
	PF-00547659	MAdCAM	SC	Phase II completed	Phase II completed
S1P receptor modulators	Ozanimod	S1P1 and S1P5 receptors	Oral	Phase IV	Phase IV
				Phase II/III	Phase II/III
	Etrasimod	S1P1, S1P4, and S1P5 receptors	Oral	Phase II	Phase II/III
	Amiselimod	SIP, S1PR1	Oral	Phase II	Phase II
TLR9 agonist	Cobitolimod	TLR9	Topical	Phase IIb completed/Phase III under process	N/A

JAK, Janus kinase; TYK, tyrosine kinase; PDE, phosphodiesterase; IL, interleukin; MAdCAM, mucosal vascular addressin cell adhesion molecule; S1P1, sphingosine-1-phosphate; and TLR, toll-like receptor.