Table 4.
Phenolic compounds in W. somnifera L. samples (mean ± standard deviation).
| GA | CAT | VA | CA | FA | SYN | pCA | RUT | Q | NAR | |
|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|
| Hydromethanolic Extracts | ||||||||||
| Sample No | (µg/g) | (mg/g) | (µg/g) | (µg/g) | (µg/g) | (µg/g) | (µg/g) | (µg/g) | (mg/g) | (µg/g) |
| 1 | 136.50 ± 2.81 c† | 1.04 ± 0.23 d* | 106.93 ± 1.32 b* | 305.28 ± 2.43 b | 262.55 ± 3.54 a–c | ND | ND | 1085.06 ± 5.35 a | 1.25 ± 0.03 bc* | 573.38 ± 2.43 a |
| 2 | 252.71 ± 3.87 b* | 2.37 ± 0.76 b* | ND | 367.33 ± 3.64 b* | 479.74 ± 2.57 a* | ND | 271.91 ± 2.45 c | 764.42 ± 3.52 a–c* | 1.26 ± 0.04 b* | 499.58 ± 3.82 a* |
| 3 | 125.78 ± 1.36 c* | 1.42 ± 0.67 bc* | 99.08 ± 2.03 b* | 295.96 ± 2.62 b* | 270.47 ± 2.53 a–c | ND | ND | 414.31 ± 4.75 c–e | 1.22 ± 0.06 bc* | 47.76 ± 3.89 c–e |
| 4 | 288.22 ± 2.71 b* | 6.54 ± 0.32 a* | ND | 360.82 ± 1.75 b* | 458.57 ± 3.75 ab* | 132.56 ± 2.32 b | 277.71 ± 2.63 b* | 747.88 ± 3.86 a–d* | 1.49 ± 0.03 b* | 316.44 ± 2.81 b* |
| 5 | 120.67 ± 1.18 c* | 1.13 ± 0.12 d* | 150.46 ± 4.21 a* | 331.60 ± 3.67 b* | ND | 185.43 ± 3.72 a* | 241.38 ± 1.34 d | 915.71 ± 4.63 ab* | 0.85 ± 0.03 c | 496.81 ± 3.87 a |
| 6 | 428.01 ± 2.82 a* | 2.16 ± 0.76 d* | ND | 334.70 ± 3.32 b* | 174.93 ± 1.53 c* | 134.11 ± 2.98 b | 466.77 ± 3.78 a | 431.65 ± 3.57 c–e* | 1.28 ± 0.07 b* | 69.30 ± 3.82 c–e* |
| 7 | 119.91 ± 2.57 c | 2.28 ± 0.57 b* | 105.64 ± 1.32 b | 312.01 ± 4.04 b | ND | ND | 151.29 ± 1.83 e | 423.91 ± 4.24 c–e | 1.37 ± 0.06 b | 49.22 ± 2.34 c–e |
| 8 | 118.23 ± 1.52 c* | 5.33 ± 1.67 d* | ND | 505.28 ± 2.52 a* | 238.63 ± 2.56 bc* | 87.89 ± 1.65 c | 278.58 ± 2.43 b | 594.41 ± 5.75 b–e | 2.16 ± 0.12 a* | 174.01 ± 3.89 c* |
| 9 | 115.02 ± 2.56 c | 0.75 ± 0.12 d* | 104.64 ± 2.43 b* | 313.55 ± 2.45 b* | ND | ND | ND | 373.55 ± 2.54 de | 1.28 ± 0.07 b* | 137.85 ± 2.79 cd* |
| 10 | 115.85 ± 1.29 c* | 0.95 ± 0.25 d* | ND | 310.57 ± 3.89 b | ND | ND | ND | 421.90 ± 2.87 c–e* | 1.37 ± 0.05 b* | 39.17 ± 1.93 de* |
| 11 | 123.65 ± 2.82 c* | 1.14 ± 0.57 d* | ND | 327.03 ± 3.49 b | 262.11 ± 2.54 a–c* | ND | ND | 377.81 ± 2.48 de* | 1.46 ± 0.07 b* | ND |
| 12 | 114.17 ± 3.16 c | 1.05 ± 0.52 d* | 100.90 ± 2.73 b | 305.86 ± 2.10 b | ND | ND | ND | 403.12 ± 3.75 c–e | 1.45 ± 0.03 b* | 26.66 ± 2.79 de |
| 13 | 117.79 ± 1.27 c | 0.95 ± 0.63 d* | ND | 309.70 ± 3.15 b | 255.37 ± 3.83 bc | ND | ND | 381.22 ± 3.45 de | 1.32 ± 0.08 b* | ND |
| 14 | 120.69 ± 2.18 c | 1.06 ± 0.29 d* | 101.83 ± 1.83 b* | 309.44 ± 2.07 b | 256.65 ± 3.82 bc | ND | ND | 389.54 ± 4.01 c–e | 1.25 ± 0.06 b* | ND |
| 15 | 111.67 ± 2.62 c* | 0.81 ± 0.26 d* | ND | 300.01 ± 2.19 b | 244.50 ± 2.96 bc | ND | ND | 743.20 ± 4.24 a–d | 1.32 ± 0.04 b* | 443.46 ± 3.27 ab* |
| 16 | 122.77 ± 2.17 c | 1.06 ± 0.17 d* | ND | 297.99 ± 2.92 b | 266.68 ± 3.82 a–c | ND | ND | 391.45 ± 3.29 c–e | 1.40 ± 0.06 b* | ND |
| 17 | 114.70 ± 1.72 c | 0.75 ± 0.52 d* | 101.63 ± 2.10 b* | 328.55 ± 3.56 b | ND | ND | ND | 361.81 ± 2.08 e* | 1.23 ± 0.07 bc | ND |
| 18 | 108.92 ± 1.96 c | 0.84 ± 0.13 d* | ND | 297.64 ± 2.91 b | ND | ND | ND | 360.34 ± 1.92 e | 1.26 ± 0.04 b* | ND |
| GA | CAT | VA | CA | FA | SYN | pCA | RUT | Q | NAR | |
| Aqueous extracts | ||||||||||
| Sample no | (mg/g) | (mg/g) | (µg/g) | (µg/g) | (µg/g) | (µg/g) | (µg/g) | (µg/g) | (mg/g) | (mg/g) |
| 1 | ND | 6.66 ± 1.02 ef* | 705.71 ± 1.78 d* | ND | ND | 95.07 ± 1.04 a | ND | ND | 1.06 ± 0.03 ab* | ND |
| 2 | 0.92 ± 0.05 cd* | 9.44 ± 1.87 bc* | 986.42 ± 2.87 a | 633.50 ± 1.32 a* | 264.77 ± 2.19 a* | 34.45 ± 0.43 c | 58.18 ± 1.43 d | 337.27 ± 2.03 b* | 0.65 ± 0.05 ab* | 1.60 ± 0.21 c* |
| 3 | 0.95 ± 0.04 b–d* | 7.04 ± 0.84 d–f* | 674.14 ± 2.56 e* | 377.88 ± 1.92 b* | ND | ND | 109.28 ± 1.53 a | ND | 0.68 ± 0.04 ab* | ND |
| 4 | 1.95 ± 0.08 a* | 8.71 ± 0.68 b–d* | 103.96 ± 1.48 h | 340.13 ± 1.78 b* | 297.31 ± 1.88 a* | ND | 89.27 ± 1.93 b* | 105.23 ± 1.73 e* | 0.37 ± 0.03 bc* | 0.91 ± 0.06 d* |
| 5 | 1.04 ± 0.05 b* | 11.93 ± 1.79 a* | 736.68 ± 2.77 c* | 102.93 ± 1.83 d* | 186.44 ± 1.76 b | 41.04 ± 0.54 b* | 25.09 ± 0.43 f | 115.52 ± 2.94 e* | ND | ND |
| 6 | 0.92 ± 0.04 cd* | 7.69 ± 2.75 c–f* | 884.32 ± 1.82 b | 273.31 ± 1.89 c* | 277.94 ± 2.01 a* | ND | 15.22 ± 0.69 g | 357.07 ± 4.92 ab* | 0.68 ± 0.03 ab* | 1.67 ± 0.04 c* |
| 7 | ND | 7.70 ± 1.88 c–f* | ND | ND | ND | ND | 62.23 ± 0.88 d | ND | ND | ND |
| 8 | 1.01 ± 0.03 bc* | 10.50 ± 2.96 ab* | 142.42 ± 1.78 g | 129.09 ± 2.04 e* | 291.33 ± 1.89 a* | ND | 50.12 ± 0.72 e | 199.28 ± 2.12 d* | 0.72 ± 0.05 ab* | 1.77 ± 0.08 c* |
| 9 | ND | 8.12 ± 2.03 c–e* | 874.62 ± 3.52 b* | 245.02 ± 2.12 c* | 204.39 ± 2.97 b | ND | 23.43 ± 0.65 f | 376.21 ± 1.93 a* | 0.33 ± 0.01 c* | 0.81 ± 0.03 d |
| 10 | 0.95 ± 0.06 b–d* | 6.48 ± 0.78 ef* | ND | ND | ND | ND | ND | ND | 0.99 ± 0.02 ab* | 2.41 ± 0.44 b* |
| 11 | 0.88 ± 0.04 d* | 6.78 ± 0.52 ef* | ND | ND | 271.60 ± 1.67 a* | ND | ND | ND | 1.03 ± 0.05 ab* | ND |
| 12 | ND | 6.48 ± 0.96 ef* | ND | ND | ND | ND | ND | ND | 0.74 ± 0.04 ab* | ND |
| 13 | ND | 6.42 ± 0.99 ef* | ND | ND | ND | ND | ND | ND | 1.02 ± 0.03 ab* | ND |
| 14 | ND | 6.66 ± 0.76 ef* | 710.96 ± 2.26 d* | ND | ND | ND | 76.11 ± 1.02 c | ND | 1.07 ± 0.04 a* | ND |
| 15 | 0.87 ± 0.05 d* | 6.34 ± 0.77 ef* | ND | ND | ND | ND | ND | ND | 0.82 ± 0.05 ab* | 2.49 ± 0.12 b* |
| 16 | ND | 6.53 ± 0.85 ef* | ND | ND | ND | ND | ND | ND | 1.06 ± 0.03 ab* | ND |
| 17 | ND | 7.64 ± 1.74 c–f* | 631.10 ± 2.78 f* | ND | ND | ND | 73.07 ± 1.65 c | 254.44 ± 1.79 c* | ND | ND |
| 18 | ND | 5.98 ± 0.23 f* | ND | ND | ND | ND | ND | ND | 0.99 ± 0.02 ab* | 9.92 ± 0.21 a |
† Means followed by the same letter within the same column and for the same extraction method indicate no significant difference among samples according to Tukey’s HSD test (p < 0.05). The asterisk (*) symbol indicates significant differences between the different extraction protocols for the same sample according to Student’s t test (p < 0.05). ND—not detected; GA—gallic 331 acid, CAT—catechin, VA—vanillic acid, CA—caffeic acid, pCA—p-coumaric acid, FA—ferulic acid, SYN—sinapinic acid, RUT—rutin, Q—quercetin, NAR—naringenin.