Table 2.
Summary of the different methods used to determine the different active molecules of pollen.
| Country | Floral Origin | Techniques | Phenolic Compounds Name | References |
|---|---|---|---|---|
| Turkey | ND | HPLC-PDA detector | gallic acid, 3,4-hydroxybenzoic acid, (+)-catechin1,2-dihydroxy-benzene, syringic acid, caffeic acid, rutin trihydrate, p-coumaric acid, trans-ferulic acid, apigenin 7 glucoside, resveratrol, quercetin, trans-cinnamic acid, naringenin, kaempferol, isorhamnetin | [131] |
| Turkey | Castanea spp. | HPLC-DAD | rosmarinic acid, vitexin, hyperoside, pinocembrin, trans-chalcone, apigenin, protocatechuic acid, galangin | [133] |
| Portugal | Monofloral: Rubus spp., Cystisus spp., Quercus spp., Prunus spp., Leontondon spp., Cistus spp., and Trifolium spp. Heterofloral: Castanea sativa and Echium spp. and ii) Erica spp., and Eucalyptus spp. |
UHPLC-DAD-ESI-MS | coumaroyl quinic acid, myricetin-O-rutinoside, luteolin-O-dihexoside, quercetin-O-dihexoside, myricetin-O-hexoside, myricetin-O-(malonyl)rutinoside, isorhamnetin-O-dihexoside, quercetin-O-hexosyl-pentoside, quercetin-O-rutinoside isomer 1, quercetin-O-rutinoside isomer 2, luteolin-di-O-hexosyl-rhamosíde, quercetin-O-(malonyl)rutinoside, isorhamnetin-O-rutinoside, hydroxybenzoyl myricetin, quercetin-O-(malonyl)hexoside, quercetin derivative, quercetin-O-rhamnoside, isorhamnetin-O-(malonyl)hexoside isomer 1, luteolin-O-(malonyl)hexoside, myricetin, isorhamnetin-O-(malonyl)hexoside isomer 2, myricetin-O-dihydroferuloyl protocatechuic acid, myricetin-O-acetyl hydroxybenzoyl protocatechuic acid-isomer 1, myricetin-O-acetyl hydroxybenzoyl protocatechuic acid isomer 2, quercetin-O-acetyl hydroxybenzoyl protocatechuic acid isomer 1, myricetin-O-acetyl hydroxybenzoyl hydroxybenzoic acid isomer 2, quercetin-O-acetyl hydroxybenzoyl hydroxybenzoic acid isomer 1, quercetin-O-acetyl hydroxybenzoyl hydroxybenzoic acid isomer 2, O-dihydroxy benzoyl acetyl malonyl coumaric acid flavonoid derivative | [103] |
| China | Rosa rugosa | UPLC-ESI-QTOF-MS/MS | isorhamnetin 3-O-diglucoside, sorhamnetin-3-O-coumaroyl glucoside, isorhamnetin-3-O-6-O-acetyl-β-D-glucopyranosy, kaempferol-3-O-neohesperidoside, N′,N″,N‴-Tricaffeoyl spermidine, N′,N″,N‴-Dicaffeoyl p-coumaroyl spermidine, N′,N″,N‴-Di-p-coumaroyl caffeoyl spermidine, N′,N″,N‴-Tri-p-coumaroyl spermidine | [134] |
| Chile | Brassica rapa and Eschscholzia californica | HAPLC-DAD | syringic acid, coumaric acid, sinapic acid, ferulic acid, cinnamic acid, abscisic acid, catechin, myricetin, quercetin, apigenin, kaempferol, naringenin, rhamnetin | [135] |
| Brazil |
Eucalyptus marginata;
Corymbia calophylla |
HPLC | gallic acid, 4-hydroxyphenylacetic acid, rutin, resveratrol, myricetin, quercetin-3-O-glucopyranoside, kaempferol-3-O-glucoside, kaempferol-3-O-rutinoside, naringenin, quercetin, phloretine, kaempferol | [136] |
| Morocco | Coriandrum sativum | HPLC/DAD/ESI-MSn | myricetin-3-O-rutinoside, quercetin-diglucoside, quercetin-3-O-rutinoside, kaempferol-3-O-rutinoside, isorhamnetin-3-O-rutinoside, isorhamnetin-O-pentosylhexoside, kaempferol-diglucuronide, isorhamnetin-3-O-glucoside, quercetin-3-O-rhamnoside, ellagic acid, N1-p-coumaroyl-N5, N10-dicaffeoylspermidinea, N1, N10-di-p-coumaroyl-N5-caffeoylspermidine, luteolin, quercetin-3-methyl-ether, N1, N5-di-p-coumaroyl-N10-caffeoylspermidine, N1, N5, N10-tri-pcoumaroylspermidine, N1, N5, N10-tri-pcoumaroylspermidine, N1, N5, N10-tri-pcoumaroylspermidine, N1, N5, N10-tri-pcoumaroylspermidine | [138] |
| Romania | Hedera, Helianthus, Cistus, Cornus, Brassica, Gledistia, Hedysarum, Trifolium, Castanea, lamium, Magnolia, Fraxinus, Papaver, Crataegus, Prunus, Rubus, and Cordiandrum | HPLC-DAD | gallic acid, protocatechuic acid, p-hydroxybenzoic acid, vanillic acid, caffeic acid, chlorogenic acid, p-coumaric acid, rosmarinic acid, myricetin, luteolin, quercetin, kaempferol | [139] |
| Italy | Cistus ladanifer, Echium, Achillea, Quercus ilex, Rubus, Pinaceae, Filipendula, Trifolium incarnatum, Trifolium pratense, Trifolium repens, Prunus, Pyrus, Malus, and Oxalis | UHPLC-ESI-QTOF-MS | cyanidin 3-O-xyloside/arabinoside, delphinidin 3-O-(60 ’-p-coumaroyl-glucoside), petunidin 3-O-arabinoside, pelargonidin 3-O-glucoside, delphinidin 3-O-glucoside, delphinidin 3-O-glucosyl-glucoside, delphinidin 3-O-rutinoside, cyanidin 3-O-sophoroside, naringin 60-malonate, naringin 40-O-glucoside, naringenin 7-O-glucoside, apigenin 7-O-(60′-malonyl-apiosyl-glucoside), tetramethylscutellarein, luteolin 7-O-glucuronide, apigenin 6-C-glucoside, kaempferol 3-O-glucuronide, quercetin 3-O-rutinoside, kamepferol 3,7-O-diglucoside, quercetin 3-O-galactoside 7-O-rhamnoside, quercetin 3-O-rhamnosyl-galactoside, kaempferol 3-O-sophoroside, 3,7-Dimethylquercetin, dihydroquercetin, formononetin, genistin, gallic acid ethyl ester, syringic acid, caffeic acid 4-O-glucoside, caffeoyl glucose, feruloyl glucose, caffeic acid, sesamol, hydroxytyrosol 4-O-glucoside, curcumin, and carnosic acid | [140] |
| Colombia |
Cistus ladanifer; Echium Achillea; Taraxacum; Carduus; Cirsium; Vicia; Quercus ilex; Rubus; Pinaceae; Filipendula; Trifolium incarnatum, Trifolium pratense; Trifolium repens; Prunus, Pyrus; Malus and Oxalis |
UHPLC-DAD | Caffeic acid, ferulic acid, S-N1,5,10-tri-ferulic acid isorhamnetin, kaempferol, luteolin, myricetin, p-coumaric acid, SP-N1,5,10,14-tetra-p-coumaric acid, pinobanskin, quercetin, spermidine, spermine, 4-methyl gallic acid, apigenin, amentoflavone, N1-caffeoyl-N5,10-di-p-coumaroyl-spermidine, and N1,10-di-pcoumaroyl-N5-caffeoyl-spermidine. | [44] |
ND: Not determined.