. 2023 Feb 23;12(3):557. doi: 10.3390/antiox12030557

Table 3.

Summary of the different studies of the antioxidant activity of bee pollen.

Country	Botanical Origin	Extracts	Used Methods	Key Results	References
Morocco	Coriandrum sativum	Aqueous extract	DPPH	IC₅₀ = 0.39 ± 0.13 mg/mL	[138]
			Ferric reducing power	IC₅₀ = 0.54 ± 0.53 mg/mL
			Total antioxidant capacity	56.92 ± 0.21 mg AAE/g
Algeria	Monofloral samples: wild carrot, rosemary, and eucalyptus	Methanolic extract	Molybdate ion reduction Assay	101.58 ugGAE/g	[165]
Brazil	Monofloral: Brassica genus; Brassica rapa; Astrocaryum; Aculeatissimum; Cocos nucifera; Myrcia; Alternanthera; M. scabrella; Eucalyptus; Coffea; M. scabrella; M. verrucosa; Eupatorium; Syagrus; A. aculeatissimum; Eupatorium; Myrcia; Cecropia; Myrcia; Alternanthera; M. caesalpiniifolia; Montanoa; Asteraceae; C. nucifera; Machaerium; M. caesalpiniifolia; Myrcia; Anadenanthera; Cecropia; Schinus; Ilex; Ricinus	Ethanolic extract	DPPH	140 ± 5 mmol TE/g	[150]
Brazil		Ethanolic extract	ORAC	563 ± 15 mmol TE/g	[150]
Brazil	Mimosa misera, Mimosa caesalpinifolia, Eythrina velutina, Ziziphus lotus, Prosopis juliflora, Mimosa tenuiflora, Piptadenia macrocarpa, Cautarea hexandra, Hyptis suavelens, Cautarea hexandra, and Maytenus rigida	Ethanolic extract	β-carotene bleaching method	Antioxidant activity = 83.3%	[168]
Brazil	Heterofloral: Arecaceae, Asteraceae baccharis, and Asteraceae eupatorium	Hydroethanolic extract	FRAP	131.47 ± 75.08 mg GA eq/g	[145]
Brazil		Hydroethanolic extract	DPPH	% inhibition = 72.46 ± 5.25%	[145]
Brazil	Arecaceae; Asteraceae baccharis; Asteraceae eupatorium; Brassicaceae	Lyophilized extract	ABTS	120.10 ± 0.21 mmol TEAC/g	[145]
			DPPH	Antioxidant activity = 54.42 ± 0.23%
			FRAP	60.64 ± 0.63 mmol of Fe2þ/g
			β-carotene/linoleic acid Assay	Antioxidant activity = 91.93 ± 0.22%
Brazil	ND	Hydroethanolic extract	DPPH	EC₅₀ = 0.86 mg/mL	[151]
			FRAP	123.4 mgGAEq.100 g⁻¹
			β-carotene/linoleic acid Assay	Antioxidant activity = 83.3%
Chile	Tilia Tuan Szyszyl	Aqueous extract	DPPH	IC₅₀ = 2.36 mg/mL	[161]
		Aqueous extract	Superoxide-scavenging activity	IC₅₀ = 2.29 mg/mL
		Methanolic extract	DPPH	IC₅₀ = 1.72 mg/mL
		Methanolic extract	Superoxide-scavenging activity	IC₅₀ = 3.48 mg/mL
China	Agastache rugosatache rugosa Brassica napus L. Camellia japonica L. Crataegus pinnatifi Dendranthema indicum L. Fagopyrum esculentum moench Helianthus annuus L. Nelumbo nucifera Gaertn. Phellodendron amurensis Prunus armeniaca Prunus persica L. Rosa rugosa Thunb. Schisandra chinensis Taraxacum mongolicum	Hydroethanolic extract	ABTS	1.06 ± 0.02 mmol TE g⁻¹	[169]
			DPPH	IC₅₀ = 1.28 ± 0.03 mg/mL
			Reducing power	Antioxidant activity = 70.55 ± 0.00%
China	Lotus uligionosus, Escallonia rubra	Aqueous extract	DPPH	119.9 eq/g	[157]
China	Lotus uligionosus, Escallonia rubra	Aqueous extract	Reducing power	69.5 eq/g	[157]
Egypt	Trifolium alexandrinum L.	Ethanolic extract	DPPH	Antioxidant activity = 90%	[144]
		Petroleum ether	DPPH	Antioxidant activity = 75%
		Dichloromethane	DPPH	Antioxidant activity = 63%
		Ethyl acetate	DPPH	Antioxidant activity = 79%
Egypt	Zea mays	Methanolic extract	DPPH	Antioxidant activity = 59%	[162]
Egypt	Zea mays	Methanolic extract	ABTS	Antioxidant activity = 76.51%	[162]
Greece	Monofloral sample: Brassica sp. Heterofloral sample: Cistus sp. (Cistaceae), Verbascum sp. (Scrophulariaceae), Trifolium sp. (Leguminosae), Prunus sp. (Rosaceae), Rubus sp. (Rosaceae), Asphodelus sp. (Liliaceae), and Persea americana (Lauraceae)	Aqueous extract	DPPH	IC₅₀ = 233.3 ± 6.1 μg/mL	[147]
Greece		Aqueous extract	ABTS	IC₅₀ = 56.2 ± 0.8 μg/mL	[147]
Italy	Genus: Hedera, Helianthus, Cistus, Cornus, Brassica, Gledistia, Hedysarum, Trifolium, Castanea, lamium, Magnolia, Fraxinus, Papaver, Crataegus, Prunus, Rubus, and Cordiandrum	Aqueous/methanol extract	ORAC	839.5 ± 49.5 μmol TE g⁻¹ DW	[140]
			ABTS	224.6 ± 18.6 μmol TE g⁻¹ DW
			DPPH	134.7 ± 4.3 μmol TE g⁻¹ DW
Korea	Monofloral samples: Quercus palustris, Actinidia arguta, Robinia pseudoacacia, and Amygdalus persica.	Ethanolic extract	DPPH	EC₅₀ = 292.0 ± 13.05 μg/mL	[170]
Portugal	Cistus ladanifer, Echium spp., Apiaceae, and Cistaceae	Hydroethanolic extract	DPPH	EC₅₀ = 2.62 ± 0.09 mg/mL	[146]
Portugal		Hydroethanolic extract	Reducing power Assay	6.51 ± 0.30 mg GAE/mL	[146]
Portugal	Cistacae Boraginacae, Rosaceae, Fagaceae, Asteraceae, Fabaceae, Ericaceae, Mimosaceae, and Myrtaceae.	Methanolic extract	DPPH	EC₅₀ = 3.0 ± 0.7 mg/mL	[155]
Portugal		Methanolic extract	β-carotene bleaching Assays	EC₅₀ = 4.6 mg/mL	[155]
Spain	Cistaceae, Fabaceae, Cistaceae, Ericaceae, Fabaceae, Cistaceae, Ericaceae, and Boraginaceae	Methanolic extract	DPPH	EC₅₀ = 2.98 ± 0.47 mg/mg extract	[164]
Spain		Methanolic extract	TBARS	EC₅₀ = 0.35 ± 0.02 mg/mg extract	[164]
Turkey	ND	Methanolic extract	FRAP	11.77 ± 0.63–105.06 ± 0.59 mmol Trolox/g pollen	[167]
			DPPH	SC₅₀ = 0.65–8.20 mg/mL
			CUPRAC Assay	33.1 ± 0.4–91.8 ± 1.8 mmol Trolox/g pollen
Turkey	Centaurea sp, Lotus sp., Coronilla sp., Centaurea sp., Scabiosa sp., Euphorbia sp., Echium sp., Coronilla sp., Teucrium sp., Crepis sp., and Castanea sativa	Ethanolic extract	ABTS	0.373 ± 0.015–5.980 ± 0.100 mg TEAC/g	[160]
Turkey		Ethanolic extract	DDPH Assays	1.293 ± 0.031–3.85 ± 0.030 mg TEAC/g	[160]
Turkey	Commercial bee pollen	Extractable fraction	CUPRAC Assay	6.25–64.88 μmol TE/g	[152]
			ABTS	6.20–38.20 μmol TE/g
			DPPH	0.44–22.45 μmol TE/g
		Hydrolysable fraction	CUPRAC Assay	69.16–192.96 μmol TE/g
			ABTS	37.63–80.49 μmol TE/g
			DPPH	33.21–62.37 μmol TE/g
		Bio-accessible fraction	CUPRAC Assay	83.24–257.27 μmol TE/g
			ABTS	48.96–111.40 μmol TE/g
			DPPH	35.69–83.84 μmol TE/g
Turkey	ND	Methanolic extract	CUPRAC Assay	0.02 ± 0.02–0.24 ± 0.04 mmol Trolox/g	[166]
			FRAP	8.69 ± 1.64–84.89 ± 10.09μmol FeSO4.7H2O/g
			DPPH	SC₅₀ =0.47 ± 0.51–0.84 ± 0.17 mg/mL
Poland	Aesculus hippocastanum, Chamerion angustifolium, Lamium purpureum, Lupinus polyphyllus, Malus domestica, Phacelia tanacetifolia, Pyrus communis, Robinia pseudoacacia, Sinapis alba, Taraxacum officinale, Trifolium sp., and Zea mays.	Pepsin-digested extract	DPPH	EC₅₀ = 20.912 ± 0.821 μL/mL	[159]
Poland		Pepsin-digested extract	ABTS	1.752 ± 0.024 mmol Trolox/g	[159]
Malaysia	ND	Ethanolic extract	DPPH	Antioxidant activity = 39%	[163]
Serbia	Helianthus annuus L.	Methanolic extract	ABTS	Antioxidant activity = 95.5%	[158]
		Methanolic extract	FRAP	A700 nm = 0.738
		Ethanolic extract	ABTS	Antioxidant activity = 75%
		Ethanolic extract	FRAP	A700 nm = 0.485
Slovakia	Helianthus annuus L.	Ethanolic extract	DPPH	Antioxidant activity = 47.97 ± 0.29–50.46 ± 0.43%	[153]
Slovakia	Monofloral samples: Brassica napus L. var. napus, Helianthus annuus L., Papaver somniferum L., Phacelia tanacetifolia L., Robinia pseudoacacia L., and Trifolium repens L.	Methanolic extract	ABTS	0.83 ± 0.10–2.08 ± 0.25 mm/l	[148]
		Methanolic extract	DPPH	Antioxidant activity = 25.96 ± 1.61–93.69 ± 5.80%
		Aqueous extract	DPPH	Antioxidant activity = 19.66 ± 1.06–50.29 ± 3.05%
Slovakia	Monofloral samples: Brassica napus subsp. napus L, Papaver somniferum L., and Helianthus annuus L	Ethanolic extract	DPPH	Antioxidant activity = 70.05± 17.17%	[154]
Slovakia		Ethanolic extract	Reduction power	3575.56 ± 749.04 μg. mL⁻¹	[154]
Thailand	Commercial bee pollen	Ethanolic extract	DPPH	40.69 ± 3.01 mg GAE/g extract	[156]
Thailand	Commercial bee pollen	Aqueous extract	DPPH	21.27 ± 2.63 mg GAE/g extract	[156]
Bosnia and Herzegovina	Poaceae spp., Trifolium spp., Zea mays, and Plantago spp.	Methanolic extract	DPPH	IC₅₀ = 1.43 ± 0.00 mg/g	[143]
			FRAP	4.111 ± 0.136 mmol Fe⁺²/g
			ABTS	Antioxidant activity = 86.13 ± 2.28%

ND: Not determined.