Figure 2.

Stressor-dependent induction of trained immunity. Innate immune cells as well as non-immune cells primed by specific exogenous (i.e., PAMPs) and endogenous (i.e., DAMPs) signals evoke long-term non-specific functional modifications mediated by epigenetic and metabolic rewiring toward a secondary insult. Trained cells express a multi-level entity of features characterized by the increased production of inflammatory mediators and altered epigenetic and metabolic marks, and reflected functionally by changes occurring in several cellular activities.