Table 1.
Expression of ERα and ERβ in castration-resistant prostate cancer study model.
| Study Model | Estrogen Receptor | Findings | Author |
|---|---|---|---|
| Human PC-3 cell line | ERβ |
ERβ regulates the cell cycle of PCa by controlling the expression of CCND1 (p < 0.05) |
[63] |
| Tissue microarray consisting of PCa samples from CRPC patients (n = 101) |
ERα ERβ |
ERα
↓ ERβ1 ↑ (p < 0.05) |
[57] |
| Human PC-3 cell line | ERα | ERα ↑ | [37] |
| Human PC-3 and LNCaP cell lines | ERβ1 | ERβ1 and 3β-Adiol repress mesenchymal characteristics VEGF-A and EMT expression ↓ (p < 0.05) TGF-β and hypoxia reduced expression of ERβ1 |
[55] |
| Blood-derived RNA samples from CRPC patients (n = 42) |
ERα ERβ |
Detection of four mutations of ERα (E380Q, L536Q, Y537S and D538G) ERβ splice variant concentrations ↓ |
[45] |
| Public genomic datasets from patients with metastatic or advanced prostate cancer (n= 150) and patients with early prostate cancer (n = 492) |
ERα ERβ |
The prevalence of ERα and ERβ mutations:
|
[85] |
| Primary tumor tissue from radical prostatectomy (RP) patients (n = 535) | ERβ | ERβ was correlated with decreased time to biochemical failure (BF) (p = 0.002) | [46] |
| Human PC-3 (derived from bone metastasis) and DU-145 (derived from brain metastasis) cell lines |
ERα ERβ |
ERα activation via PPT (ERα-selective agonist) ERβ activation via DPN (ERβ-selective agonist) Both ERα and ERβ increase the migration and invasion of PC-3 cell lines |
[35] |
Abbreviations: ↑: increase; ↓: decrease; PPT: propylpyrazoletriol; DPN: diarylprepionitrile; CCND1: cyclin D1; EMT: epithelial-mesenchymal transition; VEGF-A: vascular endothelial growth factor A; biochemical failure: BF.