Table 2.
Application of SERMs in castration-resistant prostate cancer treatments.
| Treatment | Number (n) | Findings | Author |
|---|---|---|---|
| ADT+ toremifene 300–640 mg/m2 | 15 | No cancer inhibitory effect | [109] |
| Raloxifene 60 mg | 13 | Partial effect (5 of 13 patients) | [108] |
| Fulvestrant 500 mg, 250 mg |
20 | No patients reduced PSA by >50% |
[111] |
| Raloxifene (60 mg) + bicaltamide (50 mg) |
18 | Partial effect (4 of 18 patients) | [107] |
| Concentrations of 5 µM and 25 µM of ERβ-selective agonist, 8-VE2, and 8β-VE2 in VCaP cells | n/a | The expression of AR protein ↓ by 52% AR mRNA ↓ by 40% |
[112] |
| Nano-targeted delivery of toremifene (1.0 to 100 μM) in PC3M cancer cell line | n/a | Prostate tumor growth ↓ by blocking ERα | [110] |
Abbreviations: ↑: increase; ↓: decrease; PSA: prostate-specific antigen; ADT: androgen deprivation receptor, AR: androgen receptor; mRNA: messenger ribonucleic acid.