Table 1.
Quality assessment of the cross-sectional studies included in the meta-analysis (the JBI tool).
| Author | Was the Sample Frame Appropriate to Address the Target Population? | Were Study Participants Sampled in an Appropriate Way? | Was the Sample Size Adequate? | Were the Study Subjects and the Setting Described in Detail? | Was the Data Analysis Conducted with Sufficient Coverage of the Identified Sample? | Were Valid Methods Used for the Identification of the Condition? | Was the Condition Measured in a Standard, Reliable Way for All Participants? | Was There Appropriate Statistical Analysis? | Was the Response Rate Adequate, and if Not, Was the Low Response Rate Managed Appropriately? | Final Appraisal |
|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|
| Nolen et al. [15] | Yes | Yes | No | Yes | Yes | Yes | Yes | Yes | Unclear | Included |
| Hoff et al. [16] | Yes | Yes | Yes | Yes | Yes | Yes | Yes | Yes | Yes | Included |
| Osadebe et al. [17] | Yes | Yes | Yes | No | Yes | Yes | Yes | Yes | Yes | Included |
| Doshi et al. [18] | Yes | Yes | Yes | Yes | Yes | Yes | Yes | Yes | Yes | Included |
| Doshi et al. [19] | No | No | No | Yes | No | Yes | Yes | No | Unclear | Included |
| Yinka-Ogunleye et al. [20] | Yes | Yes | Yes | Yes | Yes | Yes | Yes | Yes | Yes | Included |
| Ogoina et al. [21] | Yes | Yes | No | No | No | Yes | Yes | No | Unclear | Included |
| Hughes et al. [22] | Yes | Yes | Yes | Yes | Yes | Yes | Yes | No | Unclear | Included |
| Whitehouse et al. [23] | Yes | Yes | Yes | Yes | Yes | Yes | Yes | Yes | Yes | Included |
| Besombes et al. [24] | Yes | Yes | Yes | Yes | Yes | Yes | Yes | Yes | Yes | Included |
| Patel et al. [25] | Yes | Yes | Yes | Yes | No | Yes | Yes | Yes | Yes | Included |
| Adler et al. [26] | Yes | Yes | No | Yes | Yes | Yes | Yes | Yes | Yes | Included |
| Tarín-Vicente et al. [27] | Yes | Yes | Yes | Yes | Yes | Yes | Yes | Yes | Yes | Included |
| Angelo et al. [28] | Yes | Yes | Yes | Yes | Yes | Yes | Yes | Yes | Yes | Included |
| Betancort-Plata et al. [29] | Yes | Yes | No | No | Yes | Yes | Yes | Yes | Yes | Included |
| Caria et al. [30] | Yes | Yes | No | Yes | Yes | Yes | Yes | Yes | Yes | Included |
| Vanhamel et al. [31] | Yes | Yes | Yes | Yes | No | Yes | Yes | Yes | Yes | Included |
| Fink et al. [32] | Yes | Yes | Yes | Yes | Yes | Yes | Yes | Yes | Yes | Included |
| Girometti et al. [33] | No | Yes | No | Yes | No | Yes | Yes | Yes | Yes | Included |
| Orviz et al. [34] | Yes | Yes | No | Yes | Yes | Yes | Yes | Yes | Yes | Included |
| Hoffman et al. [35] | Yes | Yes | Yes | Yes | No | Yes | Yes | Yes | Yes | Included |
| Cobos et al. [36] | Yes | Yes | No | Yes | Yes | Yes | Yes | Yes | Yes | Included |
| Hoffmann et al. [37] | Yes | Yes | Yes | Yes | No | Yes | Yes | Yes | Yes | Included |
| van Ewijk et al. [38] | Yes | Yes | Yes | Yes | Yes | Yes | Yes | Yes | Yes | Included |
| Mailhe et al. [39] | Yes | Yes | Yes | Yes | Yes | Yes | Yes | Yes | Yes | Included |
| Núñez et al. [40] | Yes | Yes | Yes | Yes | Yes | Yes | Yes | Yes | Yes | Included |
| Catala et al. [41] | Yes | Yes | Yes | Yes | Yes | Yes | Yes | Yes | Yes | Included |
| Cassir et al. [42] | Yes | No | Yes | Yes | Yes | Yes | Yes | Yes | Yes | Included |
| Suner et al. [43] | Yes | Yes | Yes | Yes | Yes | Yes | Yes | Yes | Yes | Included |
| Maldonado et al. [44] | Yes | Yes | Yes | Yes | Yes | Yes | Yes | Yes | Yes | Included |
JBI: the Joanna Briggs Institute.