Table 1.
General biometrical and biochemical determinations and whole-body oxidative status evaluation of Sprague Dawley rats fed the different experimental diets and supplements 1.
| STD-C | STD-FG | STD-ω3 | STD-FG + ω3 | HFHS-C | HFHS-FG | HFHS-ω3 | HFHS-FG + ω3 | |
|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|
| Biometrical parameters | ||||||||
| Specific rate of body mass gain 2 (g/kg) *$ | 4.04 ab (0.76) | 3.21 b (0.23) | 3.97 ab (0.54) | 3.34 b (0.29) | 4.78 a (0.85) | 4.46 a (0.40) | 4.63 a (1.04) | 4.33 a (0.61) |
| BMI 3 (g/cm2) *$ | 0.83 ab (0.07) | 0.77 bc (0.03) | 0.80 abc (0.04) | 0.76 c (0.04) | 0.85 ab (0.04) | 0.83 ab (0.04) | 0.83 a (0.05) | 0.79 abc (0.04) |
| Perigonadal adipose tissue *$ | 8.99 bc (3.16) | 6.51 c (1.48) | 8.53 c (2.52) | 7.08 c (1.89) | 13.12 ab (3.92) | 10.78 abc (1.36) | 13.28 a (4.41) | 9.91 abc (2.15) |
| Adiposity index (%) *$ | 1.67 bc (0.44) | 1.33 c (0.28) | 1.65 bc (0.38) | 1.44 c (0.33) | 2.37 a (0.75) | 1.95 abc (0.27) | 2.32 ab (0.69) | 1.82 abc (0.33) |
| Biochemical determinations | ||||||||
| Plasma Insulin (ng/mL) * | 0.56 cd (0.32) | 0.34 d (0.08) | 0.65 bcd (0.19) | 0.43 d (0.20) | 1.81 a (0.82) | 1.36 abc (0.67) | 1.46 abc (0.72) | 1.41 abc (0.57) |
| Blood Glucose (mg/mL) * | 63.00 b (4.84) | 61.75 b (3.85) | 63.44 ab (4.10) | 63.33 ab (6.24) | 70.78 a (4.99) | 69.86 a (2.97) | 71.33 a (5.32) | 69.00 ab (3.71) |
| Triglycerides (mmol/L) ns | 0.69 (0.20) | 0.61 (0.14) | 0.56 (0.10) | 0.53 (0.15) | 0.52 (0.26) | 0.57 (0.07) | 0.59 (0.23) | 0.42 (0.13) |
| Cholesterol (mmol/L) *$# | 3.61 a (0.38) | 3.30 a (0.23) | 3.23 a (0.69) | 3.24 a (0.55) | 2.90 b (0.50) | 3.15 ab (0.52) | 2.55 b (0.42) | 2.60 b (0.29) |
| HDL-C (mmol/L) * | 1.15 a (0.12) | 1.08 a (0.08) | 1.06 a (0.18) | 1.07 a (0.11) | 0.94 b (0.16) | 0.94 b (0.07) | 0.85 b (0.12) | 0.93 b (0.07) |
| % fat in plasma * | 4.10 ab (0.87) | 4.62 ab (1.08) | 3.94 ab (1.54) | 5.28 a (1.20) | 4.00 ab (1.60) | 3.43 ab (1.44) | 3.31 ab (1.03) | 2.87 b (1.37) |
| Hemoglobin (g/dL) ns | 17.3 (1.24) | 16.86 (1.48) | 16.72 (1.99) | 16.32 (0.44) | 16.69 (0.77) | 16.76 (1.22) | 16.23 (1.37) | 16.19 (0.66) |
| Hematocrit (%) ns | 41.52 (3.12) | 39.6 (3.26) | 39.13 (4.56) | 38.55 (1.33) | 39.2 (1.82) | 38.59 (2.63) | 37.84 (3.06) | 37.81 (1.85) |
| Plasma Urea (ng/dL) * | 189.75 (11.58) | 230.94 (20.71) | 199.50 (94.42) | 214.21 (14.72) | 206.03 (40.54) | 262.01 (129.97) | 226.34 (37.05) | 155.37 (32.00) |
| Oxidative status | ||||||||
| Albumin carbonylation index $# | 0.41 ab (0.04) | 0.33 ab (0.05) | 0.39 ab (0.11) | 0.33 ab (0.05) | 0.43 a (0.11) | 0.42 ab (0.08) | 0.32 b (0.04) | 0.32 b (0.05) |
| Lipid peroxidation (mmol hydroperoxides/mL plasma) # | 0.13 (0.03) | 0.14 (0.03) | 0.13 (0.02) | 0.16 (0.02) | 0.21 (0.06) | 0.17 (0.04) | 0.14 (0.02) | 0.14 (0.02) |
| ORAC (µmol TE -Trolox equivalents-/mL) $ | 18.33 a (3.76) | 17.13 a (6.82) | 19.12 a (2.64) | 21.49 b (1.68) | 17.41 a (4.71) | 18.41 a (5.73) | 21.18 ab (6.12) | 21.08 ab (7.62) |
| GSSG/GSH in plasma *$ | 3.32 a (0.48) | 4.2 b (0.79) | 1.98 c (0.64) | 2.28 c (0.27) | 2.96 a (0.85) | 3.19 a (1.57) | 2.72 a (0.53) | 3.22 a (1.00) |
| GSSG/GSH in erythrocyte *$# | 0.60 a (0.25) | 0.78 ab (0.45) | 1.07 b (0.34) | 1.40 b (0.78) | 1.48 b (1.09) | 1.21 bc (0.34) | 1.56 b (0.87) | 0.29 c (0.11) |
1 Two-way ANOVA analyses were conducted. * p < 0.05 significant differences given by the factor “diet” (D: STD and HFHS); $ p < 0.05 significant differences given by the factor “supplement” (S: CONTROL, FG, ω-3, FG + ω-3). Superscript # indicates significant interaction (p < 0.05) between the factors diet and supplement (DxS). ns = no significant. Means with different superscript indicate significant differences (p < 0.05) (analyzed by post hoc Tukey HSD). 2 Specific rate of body mass gain (g/kg) = dM/Mdt, where dM represents the gain of body weight during dt = t2 − t1 and M is the rat body weight at t1. 3 BMI: Body Mass Index.