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. 2023 Feb 23;13(3):313. doi: 10.3390/bios13030313

Figure 3.

Figure 3

Epidermal wearable biosensors for active sweat extraction through iontophoresis stimulation (A–D) and local thermal stimulation (E). (A) Schematic of sweat stimulation by iontophoresis delivery of pilocarpine and caffeine monitoring (Reprinted with permission from Ref. [58]. Copyright 2018, John Wiley and Sons). (B) Based on iontophoresis sweat extraction, a pediatric subject’s sweat Cl− was monitored for a cystic fibrosis diagnosis (Reprinted with permission from Ref. [98]. Copyright 2021, The American Association for the Advancement of Science). (C) Schematic of the epidermal biosensor for sweat vitamin C monitoring based on iontophoresis sweat extraction (Reprinted with permission from Ref. [40]. Copyright 2020, American Chemical Society). (D) Iontophoresis electrode and sweat sensor electrode [97]. (E) Electronic decal containing a heating layer to apply localized heat stress on the skin for rapid sweat production (Reprinted with permission from Ref. [93]. Copyright 2020, Elsevier).