Table 1.

Clinical uses and potential sweat biomarkers of chronic disease.

Chronic Disease	Sweat Biomarkers	Characteristics	Applications	References
Cystic fibrosis	Cl−	≥60 mM	Gold standard in clinical	[30]
Behcet’s disease	l-citrulline l-pyroglutamic acid urocanic acid 2-oxoadipic acid cholesterol 3-sulfate pentadecanoic acid	Needs further exploration	Pre-clinical	[70]
Schizophrenia	Annexin-5 Bleomycin hydrolase Thioredoxin Caspase-14 Synaptophysin	Needs further exploration	Pre-clinical	[72]
Epilepsy	Menthone	A newly described human alarm pheromone	Pre-clinical	[73]
Diabetes	Glucose	[G]s/[G]b 1 ≈ 0.01	Pre-clinical	[51,61]
Diabetic ketoacidosis	β-hydroxybutyrate	Needs further exploration	Pre-clinical	[68]

¹ [Glucose]s_sweat/[Glucose]_blood.