Table 2.

Passive and active sweat extraction methods.

Sweat Extraction Methods	Parameters	Lasted Time	Detected Biomarkers	Reference
Passive sweat extraction
Running	Not provided	10, 25, 40 min	lactate, pH	[84]
Running	① 4 km/h for 2 min ② 8 km/h for 5~20 min ③ 3 min cooling down	10, 15, 20, 25 min	glucose, lactate, pH, Cl−1	[85]
Running	① 10 km/h for 10 min ② 15 km/h for 10 min ③ 5 km/h for 10 min	30 min	glucose, lactate	[86]
Arm movement	Not provided	60 min	Na+, Cl−1, pH, glucose,	[20]
Cycling	Not provided	15–40 min	cortisol	[87]
Cycling	① Ramp up for 10 min ② medium-high activity for 30–70 min ③ cooling down for 10 min	50–90 min	pH, glucose	[88]
Cycling	① Ramp up for 10 min ② cycling for 20 min ③ cooling down for 3 min	33 min	Glucose, lactate, Na+, K+	[22]
Cycling	① Ramp for 5 min ② cycling for 20 min ③ cooling down for 5 min	30 min	Ca2+, pH	[89]
Shower/Bath	Water temperature: 38–42 °C	5–15 min	Creatinine, urea, pH	[91]
Active sweat extraction
Iontophoresis	Pilocarpine 1	5 min	Cl–	[98]
Iontophoresis	Pilocarpine 1	10 min	Vitamin C	[40]
Iontophoresis	Pilocarpine 1	5 min	Glucose	[95]
Iontophoresis	Pilocarpine 1	5 min	Caffeine	[58]
Iontophoresis	Pilocarpine, acetylcholine, methacholine 1	5 min	Na+, Cl−, glucose	[97]
Local heating	38.5 °C 2	3 min	pH	[93]

¹ Agonist agent for iontophoresis. ² Local heating temperature.