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. 2023 Mar 15;13(3):387. doi: 10.3390/bios13030387

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© 2023 by the authors.

Licensee MDPI, Basel, Switzerland. This article is an open access article distributed under the terms and conditions of the Creative Commons Attribution (CC BY) license (https://creativecommons.org/licenses/by/4.0/).

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(1) Cuboid silver-paper electrode-based multiplex electrochemical origami immunodevice (A) Bare paper working electrode (PWE); (B) Cubic silver modified paper working electrode (CS-PWE); (C) after immobilization with Ab1s and blocking; and (D) after capturing, washing and incubating with the designed labels. (reprinted with permission from [87]; copyright 2014, Elsevier); (2) label-free microfluidic paper-based electrochemical aptasensor (reprinted with permission from [57]; copyright 2019, Elsevier); (3) paper-based immunosensing of ovarian cancer tumor protein CA 125 using nano-ink (reprinted with permission from [88]; copyright 2019, Elsevier).