. 2023 Mar 15;13(3):387. doi: 10.3390/bios13030387

Table 2.

Summary of microfluidic paper-based biosensor applications in the detection of cancer biomarkers using various analysis methods in the literature.

Analyte	Cancer Types	Bioreceptor	Fabrication Technique	Detection Technique/Signal	Surface Chemistry	Linear Range	LOD	Reference
CEA and NSE	Lung	CEA and NSE aptamers	Wax printing and screen printing	Label-free electrochemical detection/DPV	Amino functional graphene (NG)–Thionin (THI)–gold nanoparticles (AuNPs) and Prussian blue (PB)–poly (3,4-ethylenedioxythiophene) (PEDOT)–AuNPs nanocomposites	Linearity in ranges of 0.01–500 ng mL⁻¹ for CEA (R2 = 0.989) and 0.05–500 ng mL⁻¹ for NSE (R2 = 0.944),	2.0 pg mL⁻¹ for CEA and 10 pg mL⁻¹ for NSE.	[57]
CEA, AFP, CA125, and CA19-9	Colorectal cancer	Anti-CEA, AFP, CA125, and CA19-9 Antibody	photolithography	Colorimetric method/chemiluminescent	Secondary antibody labeled with HRP, Luminol	-	0.89 ng mL⁻¹ for CEA, 1.72 ng mL⁻¹ for AFP, 3.62 U mL⁻¹ for CA125 and 1.05 U mL⁻¹ for CA19-9	[123]
CEA	Lung and other	Anti-CEA Antibody	Wax printing and screen printing	Label-free electrochemical detection/DPV	NH2-G/Thi/AuNPs nanocomposites	50 pg mL⁻¹ to 500 ng mL⁻¹	10 pg mL⁻¹	[58]
AFP	Liver	Anti-AFP antibodies	Photolithography	Labelled electrochemical detection/SWV	rGO-TEPA/Au nanocomposite	0.01–100.0 ng mL⁻¹	0.005 ng mL⁻¹	[122]
EGFR	Lung and other	Anti-EGRF aptamer	Wax printing and screen printing	Label-free electrochemical detection/DPV	NH2-GO/THI/AuNP nanocomposite	0.05 to 200 ngmL⁻¹ (R2 = 0.989)	5.0 pgmL⁻¹	[122]
NSE	Lung	Anti-AFP antibodies	Wax printing and screen printing	Wireless point-of-care testing (POCT) system with electrochemical/DPV	NH2-G/Thi/AuNPs nanocomposite	1.0 ng mL⁻¹ to 500 ng mL⁻¹	10 pg mL⁻¹	[117]
VEGF-C	-	Anti-VEGF antibody	Wax printing and screen printing	Label-free electrochemical detection/DPV and CV	The NMB/SWCNT/AuNPs three-in-one nanocomplex	0.01–100 ng/mL	10 pg/mL	[120]
PSA	Prostate	Anti-PSA aptamer	Wax printing and screen printing	Label-free electrochemical/DPV	AuNPs/rGO/THI nanocomposites	0.05 to 200 ng mL⁻¹	10 pg mL⁻¹	[62]
CA 15-3	Breast	Anti-CA 15-3 antibodies	Inkjet printing / electrodeposition	Electrochemical detection/ChA	Ag/RGO nano-ink and CysA/Au NPs	15–125 U/mL	15 U/mL	[121]
CA 125	Ovarian	Anti-CA 125 antibody	Inkjet printing/electrodeposition	Electrochemical detection/ChA	Ag/RGO nano-ink and CysA/Au NPs	0.78–400 U/mL.	0.78 U/mL	[88]
AFP and CEA	Hepatocellular carcinoma and Colorectal	Anti-CEA and AFP antibody	layer-by-layer assembly and screen-printing	Electrochemical detection/impedimetric	-	-	102 ng mL⁻¹	[118]
Cancer cells of A549 and HeLa	Lung and Cervical	MiRNA-21 and miRNA-3	Wax printing	Colorimetric method/laser-induced fluorescence	Taqman probes	-	0.20 ve 0.50 fM	[107]
MCF-7, HL-60, and K562 cancer cells	Breast and leukemia	MSNs/QDs-labeled aptamers	Wax patterning	Colorimetric method/laser-induced fluorescence	QDs, MSNs/QDs and MSNs/QDs–DNA	180 to 8 × 107, 210 to 7 × 107, 200 to 7 × 107cells mL⁻¹	6270 and 65 cells mL⁻¹	[108]
AFP	Liver, ovaries, or testicles	Primary antibodies (Ab1) and secondary antibodies (Ab2)	Wax patterning	Colorimetric method with LIF detection/laser-induced fluorescence	Hairpin strand-FAM	2.5–1000 pg/mL	1.0 pg/mL.	[109]
Trx-1	Breast	Anti-Trx-1 antibody-conjugated with HRP	Stacking layers/cutting	Colorimetric method/optic	AgNP and Teflon ink	0–200 ng/mL	-	[116]
miRNA 155 (miR-155) and 21 (miR-21)	-	Nucleic Acid Sequences	Wax and screen printing	Colorimetric method/fluorescence	QD-labeled probes, EXPAR template of miR-21, EXPAR template of miR-150.	3 × 10⁵ to 3 × 10⁸ copies	3 × 10⁶ copies	[128]
miRNA-21 (human urine sample)	-	ssDNA template sequence	Cutting	Colorimetric method/optic	DNA–Ag/Pt NCs	1.0–700 pM	0.6 pM.	[130]
miRNA-21 and FR	Breast	Hairpin DNA Sequences	Wax printing	Colorimetric method/fluorescence	Au nanoflowers (AuFLs) and MnO₂ nanosheets	For miRNA-21 0.01 to 5.0 fM For FR 2.0 to 30 ng/mL	For miRNA: 0.0033 fM; for FR: 0.667 ng/mL	[129]
CEA	-	Anti-CEA antibodies	Photoresist-coated	Colorimetric method/chemiluminescent	Fluorescein isothiocyanate (FITC)-labeled CEA antibody	1.0–80 ng mL⁻¹	-	[56]