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Examples of aptamer immobilization methods: via physical adsorption (a); thiol self-assembled monolayers (SAMs) (b); avidin-biotin complex formation (c); and surface activation with EDC/NHS (1-ethyl-3-(-3-dimethylaminopropyl) carbodiimide hydrochloride/N-hydroxysuccinimide) (d). Reproduced from [29] with permission from the Royal Society of Chemistry.
