Table 1.

Electrochemical biosensing of mycotoxins using recognition receptors.

Analyte	Electrode Materials	LOD (ng/mL)	Linear Range (ng/mL)	Analytical Method	Real Samples	Ref.
AFM1	Fe3O4-GO- CdTe QDs	0.0003 *	0.001–0.001 × 105 *	Multifuncional electrochemical analytical system	milk	[78]
AFB1	Apt/NR-TCA/GCE	0.015	0.03–30	DPV	Beer and wine	[22]
	Apt-CSs-modified	0.002 *	0.007–0.5	DPV	Human serum, Grape juice	[50]
	SPE	0.6 × 10−7 *	0.1 × 10−9 to 1 × 10−4	SWV	Corn	[51]
	Screen-printed interdigitated microelectrode (SPIMs)	10	5 to 20	EIS and CV	Rice	[112]
	MPCM@MIP	0.4	5 to 1000	UV and HPLC Analysis	Soysauce and vinegar	[117]
	Thiol-modified aptamer	0.000034 *	0.000002 to 2 *	SWV, EIC, and CV	Medicine	[114]
	Au NPs	0.93 × 10−6 *	0.93 × 10−6 to 0.9 *	CV	Rice	[123]
	MIP/Au NPs	0.001 *	0.0001 to 10.0	SPR	Ground corn	[121]
	Multi-walled CNTs-Pt	0.46 *	0.9–207.95 *	Chronamperomety	Corn, rice, and wheat	[84]
	MWCNTs- COOHITO	0.08	0.25– 1.375	CV	-	[88]
	MWCNTs-CS	0.0001 *	0.0001– 10	DPV	Palm Kernel Cake and Feed Samples	[95]
	rGO-ITO	0.12	0.125–1.5	CV	-	[68]
	GO-Au NPs	0.23	0.5–5	CV	-	[69]
	rGO-transparent conductive oxidase	10−10 *	10−10–10−6 *	CV	Corn	[70]
	PtNPs-CoTPP- rGO	0.0015 *	0.005–5.0	DPV	Peanut	[71]
	rGO-PPy-PPa	0.000001 *	0.000001–0.01 *	EIS	Corn	[72]
	G-polymer-Au NPs	0.3 × 10−6 *	0.3 × 10−6– 0.910−3 *	CV	Peanut, rice, milk flour, and soyabean	[74]
	rGO–Ni NPs- ITO	0.16	1.0–8.0	CV	-	[76]
	Gold electrode-imprinted Protein	1.97×10−3 *	1–1000	CV	Nut	[103]
	Gold–PAMAM dendrimers	0.124 ± 0.03 *	0.1–10 nM	CV and EIS	Rice, corn	[34]
AFB1 and FuB1	Polyaniline	0.0003 and 0.00032 *	0.001 ng/mLto 500 ng/mL *	CV and DPV	Rice, barley, peanuts, oat	[125]
FB1	Pt electrode	0.5 × 10−5 *	0.031 to 3.12 *	DPV and EIS	Maize Sample	[122]
	SWCNTs-CS	0.002 *	0.01–100	EIS	Corn	[94]
OTA	dsDNA/MCH/ssDNA modified AuE	0.001 *	0.005–10.0	DPV	Mildewed wheat starch sample	[48]
	Fc and βCD	0.0004 *	0.001 to 10 *	CV	Peanut oil	[108]
	Au NPs@Co-MOF	0.000031 *	0.000001 to 0.00005 *	EIS, CV, and DPV	Red wine	[116]
	Au NPs embedded PEI/PVA hydrogel	0.4 *	Upto 24.2 *	TLN Conductometric biosensor	Olive oil	[118]
	MIP/Au NPs/PIL-FMNS/CNT-MoS2/GCE	5.6 *	2 × 105–6 × 105 *	EIS and CV	Beer, red wine, and Chinese liquor	[119]
	MWCNTs/MIP	1.7 *	20.19–403.81 ng/mL *	CV and DPV	Beer and Wine	[120]
	CNT-ITO	0.0025 *	0.0025–0.06 *	DPV	Serum	[87]
	Au NPs-BSA- OTA	0.86	0.3–8.5	DPV	Wheat	[101]
	GO-PAMAM- Mn2+	0.0005 *	0.0001–30 *	EIS	Red wines	[75]
ZEA	AuE	0.00013 *	5.0 × 105–50 *	DPV	Corn sample and beer	[52]
	MIP/Au NPs	2.5 *	Up to 200 *	EIS and CV	Corn	[125]

* The units have been made uniform for comparison purposes. Electrochemical Impedance Spectroscopy (EIS), Linear-Sweep Voltammetry (LSV), Cyclic Voltammetry (CV), Differential-Pulse Voltammetry (DPV), Square-Wave Voltammetry (SWV), High-Performance Liquid Chromatography (HPLC), Ultraviolet (UV), Thermolysin (TLN), Surface Plasmon Resonance (SPR), Zearalenone (ZEA), Ochratoxin A (OTA), Fumonisin B1 (FuB1), Fumonisin B1 (FB1), Aflatoxin B1 (AFB1), Aflatoxin M1 (AFM1), and details of electrode material in text.